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• 5. Feb 2024.

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• delfi.rs

The Spook's: BloodThe Spook's Blood is the tenth book in Joseph Delaney's terrifying Wardstone Chronicles – over 3 million copies sold worldwide!'I am Siscoi, the Lord of Blood, the Drinker of Souls! Obey me now or you will suffer as few have suffered.'Thomas Ward's final battle with the Fiend is drawing near, but he has never felt more alone in his task. Isolated and afraid, Tom must risk his life against a ferocious vampire god, even as he learns that the final destruction of the Fiend may involve a sacrifice more terrible than he can imagine . . .

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• • RAZNI OGLASI

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• 8. Dec 2023.

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• oglasi-mali.com

We looking for a project to invest inWe are a consultant firm linking and looking for foreign individuals/Business enterprises and corporate bodies that need business expansion and are willing to invest profitably a huge amount of money that is at my disposal in a profitable long-term venture, most importantly, I am required to invest these funds on real estates/Loans to public firms or businesses with a low-interest rate/open companies and buy villas and give out for rents. preferably in your country of residence or any other suitable location.I shall appreciate it if you can give me the best assistance I need, and I hope to cooperate with you in the near future. I will let you know the amount of fund client funds that will be invested, Interested individuals or corporate bodies should contact me for more information, waiting for your prompt reply as soon as possible.Contact us nowFor more information:WhatsApp/telephone number: +44 7418 336403Email: [emailprotected]website......https://elitsconsultantfirm.com

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• 12. Dec 2021.

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• Šabac

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• kupindo.com

55186) AK 1Our Parish Church Twenty Addresses to Children on Great Truths of the Christian Faith , by the , M.A. Skeffington Und Son , Piccadilly 1901 ,Preface.IN the twenty little sermons, or addresses to children, in this book, I have sought to teach doctrine, and teach it very definitely. A Clergyman, who had been brought up in Scottish Calvinism, said once to me, `We were reared under a clear, sharp-cut system, that seized on our intellects. Now I am in the Church of England, I find myself without a system. I know that the Calvinistic doctrine is false, but I can no more work it out of me than Augustine could work himself clear of his Manicheeism. That also was a logical system. Calvinism is in me, poisoning my blood, like an iron barb, that festers, but can never be extracted.` The hold Calvinism exercises over men is due to this-that it is a definite logical creed. And the hold Roman Catholicism exercises is due also, in great part, to the fact that it is a system, and this system is impressed very emphatically and distinctly on children`s minds, whilst forming. Those who are growing up about us grow up without any definite dogmatic teaching, and so their souls lay hold of nothing. Roses if expected to flourish must be given something solid which their roots can grasp. So with children`s minds. We give them plenty of moral teaching, but very little plain, elementary Catholic truth, put before them in such a way, that they can grasp and stay themselves by it. In after life they want this; and they are blown about with every wind of doctrine, and blown over by the blast of unbelief, because their mental rootlets have hold of nothing solid, but run in the excellent rich mould of morality. Morality feeds the roots, but doctrine holds them firm. I would urge those who make use of this little book to catechise again and again on the subjects of these discourses, till the children have assimilated the teaching.Lew Trenchard, Easter, 1885.Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (28 January 1834 – 2 January 1924) was an English Anglican priest, hagiographer , antiquarian , novelist and eclectic scholar. His bibliography consists of more than 1240 publications, though this list continues to grow. His family home, Lew Trenchard Manor near Okehampton , Devon, has been preserved as he had it rebuilt and is now a hotel. He is remembered particularly as a writer of hymns , the best-known being ` Onward, Christian Soldiers ` and ` Now the Day Is Over `. He also translated the carol ` Gabriel`s Message ` from the Basque language to the English.seventh edition , hard cover, size 13 x 18,5 cm , english, 166 pages

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• 4. Feb 2024.

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• delfi.rs

The Afterlife of Billy FingersIn 2004, bad boy Billy Fingers Cohen, a homeless small-time drug dealer and addict in a state of drug induced euphoria ran into a busy intersection and was killed instantly by a speeding automobile. He left behind a grieving sister. For weeks she struggled with grief and tried to make sense of Billy's seemingly wasted life and tragic death.A few weeks after his death, William Cohen, aka Billy Fingers, woke his sister Annie at dawn. 'I'm drifting weightlessly through these glorious stars and galaxies and I feel a Divine Presence, a kind, loving beneficent presence, twinkling all around me.'Billy's ongoing after-death communications take his sister on an unprecedented journey into the bliss and wonder of life beyond death. Billy's profound, detailed description of the mystical realms he traverses, the Beings of Light that await him, and the wisdom he receives take the reader beyond the near-death experience. Billy is, indeed, as Dr. Raymond Moody points out in his foreword, explaining the phenomena we've known about since ancient times, an afterworld walker.A fascinating page-turner filled with wisdom, humour and hope, The Afterlife of Billy Fingers, will forever change your views about life, death and the hereafter.If I could give you a gift it would be to find the glory inside yourself, beyond the roles and the drama, so you can dance the dance of the game of life with a little more rhythm, a little more abandon, a little more shaking-those-hips.Prikaži više

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• 4. Feb 2024.

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• delfi.rs

Georgia Nicolson Collection - 10 Book SetLuuurve is a many trousered thing...Sound the Cosmic Horn! Georgia Nicolson's bestselling 8th book of confessions is now available in paperback! The original Sex God has re-landed, Masimo the Italian Stallion wants to be her boyfriend, and Dave the Laugh is still a regular snoggee. How will Georgia cope juggling all three boys of her dreams? Have her days on the rack of love really gone for good? Or will this just lead to confusionosity and merde? Laugh your knickers off at Georgia's hilarious confessions -- this brilliant new story is her funniest yet.then he ate my boy entrancersHilariously funny Louise Rennison's fabby sixth book of the confessions of crazy but lovable teenager Georgia Nicolson. Guaranteed to have the nation laughing their knickers off! "Come on, Jas, you do really want to know my plan, especially as it concerns you, my little hairy pally." "I'm not hairy." "Have it your own way, just don't go near any circuses." "Shut up. Go on then, tell me your plan." "OK, this is it: when I go to Hamburger-a-gogo land! you come with me! Do you see? We will be like Thelma and Louise!" "We're not called Thelma and Louise." "I know that, I'm just saying we will be LIKE THEM!" "And we're not American. And neither of us can drive." "Oh dear God. Jas, your spaceship has arrived. Please get in." Laugh your knickers off at Georgia's tales from her trip to Hamburger-a-gogo land (the US) and her attempts to entice Masimo, the Italian stallion. Can Georgia become the composed sex-kitten she aspires to be!?and that's when it fell off in my handBrilliantly funny, teenage angst author Louise Rennison's fifth book about the confessions of crazy but lovable Georgia Nicolson. Louise is a star on the HarperCollins teenage list. 11.20 a.m. This is my fabulous life: the Sex God left for Whakatane last month and he has taken my heart with him. 11.25 a.m. Not literally of course otherwise there would be a big hole in my nunga-nungas. 11.28 a.m. And also I would be dead. Which quite frankly would be a blessing in disguise. 12.00 p.m. It is soooo boring being brokenhearted! !but Georgia doesn't remain brokenhearted for long: frequent snogging extravaganzas with old flame, Dave the Laugh, and the arrival of jelloid-knee-inducing Italian Stallion, Masimo, mean that Georgia has her work cut out to be the composed sex-kitten that she aspires to be. Follow Georgia's hilarious antics as she desperately muddles her way through teenage life and all that it entails: make-up disasters, rapidly expanding nunga-nungas, school -- urgh, unsympathetic friends, highly embarrassing family (and pets) and, of course, BOYS.stop in the name of pants!Sound the Cosmic Horn for bestselling author Louise Rennison's ninth book of the confessions of crazy but loveable teenager Georgia Nicolson! Now that Georgia has finally won over gorgey Masimo, the Italian Stallion, her old friend and lip-nibbling partner Dave the Laugh has popped up again. Will Georgia go to Pizza-a-gogo land to visit dreamy Masimo? Or could her perfect boy be closer than she thinks. A Sex Kitty's life is never simple! More hilarious confessions from our fave teen drama queen, Georgia NicolsonKnocked out by my nunga nungasBrilliantly funny, Louise Rennison's fabby third book on the confessions of crazy but lovable Georgia Nicolson. Now in gorgey new paperback and guaranteed to have the nation laughing their knickers off! Jas said, "Well, what happened?" And I said, "Well, it was beyond marvy. We talked and snogged and then he made me a sandwich and we snogged and then he played me a record and then we snogged." "So it was like!" "Yeah! a snogging fest." "Sacre bleu!" Jas looked like she was thinking which is a) unusual and b) scary. I said, "But then this weird thing happened. He had his hands on my waist, standing behind me." "Oo-er!" "D-accord. Anyway, I turned round and he sort of leaped out of the way like two short leaping things." "Was he dancing?" "No! I think he was frightened of being knocked out by my nunga-nungas!"Angus, thongs and full-frontal snoggingBrilliantly funny, teenage angst author Louise Rennison's first book about the confessions of crazy but lovable Georgia Nicolson. Now repackaged in a gorgeous new paperback and looking even fabber than ever. Louise is an international bestselling author and her books can't fail to make you laugh out loud. There are six things very wrong with my life: 1. I have one of those under-the-skin spots that will never come to a head but lurk in a red way for the next two years. 2. It is on my nose. 3. I have a three-year-old sister who may have peed somewhere in my room. 4. In fourteen days the summer hols will be over and then it will be back to Stalag 14 and Oberfuhrer Frau Simpson and her bunch of sad*stic 'teachers'. 5. I am very ugly and need to go into an ugly home. 6. I went to a party dressed as a stuffed olive. Follow Georgia's hilarious antics as she tries to overcome the dilemma's that are weighing up against her, and muddle her way through teenage life and all that it entails: how to replace accidentally shaved-off eyebrows; how to cope with Angus, her small labrador-sized Scottish wildcat; her first kiss with Peter -- afterwards known as Whelk Boy; annoying teachers; unsympathetic friends and family, and how to entice Robbie the Sex God!startled by his furry shorts!Sound the Cosmic Horn! Bestselling author Louise Rennison's seventh book of the confessions of crazy but loveable teenager Georgia Nicolson is out in PB! Why did I admit I wanted Masimo to be my proper boyfriend? Why? / One minute he was snogging me, and then the next he was snogging Wet Lindsay, stick insect and drip. / Perhaps I should tell him he can go out with her as well as me! / But then I might snog him after she has snogged him, which would mean I have practically snogged her!!! Erlack! / I would rather snog my cat, Angus! / He has certainly got nicer legs! Well, more of them anyway. Georgia is on the 'rack of luuurve' once more! Will Masimo the Italian Stallion agree to be her one and only boyfriend? How does she really feel about her old friend and lip-nibbling partner Dave the Laugh? And has Robbie the Sex God really gone for good? You'll laugh with her and cry with her -- follow Georgia's hilarious antics as she desperately tries to muddle her way through teenage life.Are these my basoomas I see before me??Ohmygiddygodspyjamas! The tenth marvy book in the Confessions of Georgia Nicolson is here! Get ready to laugh like a loon on loon tablets. It's the FINAL instalment of Georgia's fab and hilarious diary! Does Georgia escape the cakeshop of luuurve? Can there be more heartbreaknosity in store? Will the Sex God pop up again unexpectedly (oo-er)! And what about the supreme accidental snogmaster Dave the Laugh? Will she FINALLY choose her only one and only? So many boys, so little time!Dancing in my nuddy-pants!Brilliantly funny, Louise Rennison's fabby fourth book on the confessions of crazy but lovable Georgia Nicolson. Now in gorgey new paperback and guaranteed to have the nation laughing their knickers off! Phoned Jas. "Jas?" "Oui." "Do you ever get the urge?" "Pardon?" "You know, to flow free and wild." She was thinking. "Well, sometimes, when Tom and I are alone in the house together!" "Yes!" "We flick each other with flannels." "Jas, you keep talking on the telephone and I will send out for help." "It's good fun! what you do is!" "Jas, Jas, guess what I am doing now?" "Are you dancing?" "Yes, I am, my strange little pal. But what am I dancing in?" "A bowl?" "Jas, don't be silly. Concentrate. Try to get the image of me flowing wild and free." "Are you dancing in! your PE knickers?" "Non! I am DANCING IN MY NUDDY-PANTS!!!" And we both laughed like loons on loon tablets.It's Ok, I'm wearing really big knickers!Brilliantly funny, teenage angst author Louise Rennison's second book about the confessions of crazy but lovable Georgia Nicolson. Now repackaged in a gorgeous new paperback and looking even fabber than ever. Louise is an international bestselling author and her books can't fail to make you laugh out loud. What is the matter with my life? Why is it so deeply unfab? / It's a day and a half now since I snogged the Sex God! / I think I have snog withdrawal. My lips keep puckering up! / I tried snogging the back of my hand, but it's no good! / It's been over a week. I wonder if it's my nose! / I have a HUGE nose that means I have to live for ever in the Ugly Home.Prikaži više

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• Vozila i delovi

Oglas

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• 11. May 2024.

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• autoline24.rs

Marka: StreetScooterModel: Work 40kWh PICKUPTip: kamion s ravnom platformom < 3.5tPrvo registrovanje: 2019-10-31Kilometraža: 71571 kmKapacitet podizanja: 685 kgNeto težina: 1495 kgUkupna težina: 2180 kgLokacija: Nizozemska RhedenDatum objavljivanja: 8. 5. 2024.Kataloški broj prodavca: 4658= Additional options and accessories =- Electrically operated front windows- Electrically operated front windows- Remote central locking- Remote central locking= Remarks =++++THE DRIVE BATTERY IS COMPLETELY EMPTY.WE CAN NOT CHARGE IT.WE DO NOT KNOW WHY...WE SELL IT LIKE THIS.AT THIS MOMENT IT IS NOT DRIVING BECAUSE OF THAT.= Dealer information =+++! We ask you kindly to make an appointment if you want to take a look at the Vehicles we offer !Hemelvaartsdag 9 mei en 10 mei 2024 zijn we gesloten, Ascension day 9 may and 10th may we are closed, Himmelfahrt 9 mai und 10 mai sind wir zu.Opening hours: Monday till Thursday from 8.30 till 17.30 and Friday from 8.30 till 16.00Lunchbreak: 12:30 t/m 13:00See video's on: pokazati kontakteWe have a big stock off equipment, vans and trucks for the maintanacne of the public areas.B-tham T&C B.V.Schaarweg 26991GV RHEDEN (bij Arnhem)pokazati kontakte ( also Whatsapp )= More information =Number of doors: 2Cab: singlelength/height: L2Number of seats: 2Emission class: Euro 0APK (MOT): tested until 10/2025VAT/margin: Not VAT qualifying (margin scheme)- Дистанционно централно заключване- Предни прозорци с електронно управление- Centrální zamykání s dálkovým ovládáním- Elektricky ovládaná přední okna= Weitere Optionen und Zubehör =- Elektrische Fensterheber vorn- Elektrische Fensterheber vorn- Fernbediente Zentralverriegelung- Fernbediente Zentralverriegelung= Anmerkungen =++++DER FAHR BATTERIE IST KOMPLETT LEER.WIR KÖNNEN ES NICHT AUFLADEN ... WARUM ??WAR VOLL FAHRBEREIT ABER JETZT ALSO NICHT MEHR WEIL DIE BATTERIE LEER IST.WIRD VERKAUFT SO WIE ES STEHT= Firmeninformationen =+++! Wir bitten Sie, vor der Besichtigung einen Termin zu vereinbaren !Hemelvaartsdag 9 mei en 10 mei 2024 zijn we gesloten, Ascension day 9 may and 10th may we are closed, Himmelfahrt 9 mai und 10 mai sind wir zu.Öfnungszeiten: Montag bis Donnerstag von 8.30 bis 17.30 und Freitag von 8.30 bis 16.00 Uhr.Mittagspauze van 12:30 t/m 13:00Video's von unsere "Stock" sehen Sie auf: pokazati kontakteWir haben viele verschiedene Kommunal -, Fahrzeugen und Machinen am Lager. So wie Pritsche-, Kipper LKW mit und ohne Kran. Mäher , Kehrmachinen , Usw...B-tham T&C B.V.Schaarweg 26991GV RHEDEN (bij Arnhem)pokazati kontakte ( auch Whatsapp )= Weitere Informationen =Türenzahl: 2Kabine: einfachLänge/Höhe: L2Zahl der Sitzplätze: 2Emissionsklasse: Euro 0APK (Technische Hauptuntersuchung): geprüft bis 10.2025Mehrwertsteuer/Differenzbesteuerung: Mehrwertsteuer nicht abzugsfähig (Margenregelung)= Flere valgmuligheder og mere tilbehør =- Elruder for- Fjernlåsning= Yderligere oplysninger =Antal døre: 2Førerhus: enkeltsenglængde/højde: L2Antal sæder: 2Emissionsklasse: Euro 0APK (Bileftersyn): testet indtil okt 2025moms/margin: Moms ikke-fradragsberettiget (marginordning)- Ηλεκτρικά μπροστινά παράθυρα- Κεντρικό κλείδωμα με τηλεχειρισμό= Más opciones y accesorios =- Bloqueo centralizado a distancia- Ventanillas eléctricas delanteras= Más información =Número de puertas: 2Cabina: simpleLongitud/altura: L2Número de plazas sentadas: 2Clase de emisión: Euro 0APK (ITV): inspeccionado hasta oct 2025IVA/margen: IVA no deducible (margen)- Etäkeskuslukitus- Sähkötoimiset etuikkunat= Plus d'options et d'accessoires =- Fenêtres électriques à l'avant- Fenêtres électriques à l'avant- Verrouillage centralisé à distance- Verrouillage centralisé à distance= Plus d'informations =Nombre de portes: 2Cabine: simpleLongueur/hauteur: L2Nombre de places assises: 2Classe d'émission: Euro 0APK (CT): valable jusqu'à oct. 2025TVA/marge: TVA non déductible (régime de la marge bénéficiaire)- Daljinsko središnje zaključavanje- Prednji prozori na električno upravljanje- Elektromos vezérlésű első ablakok- Távirányításos központi zár- Alzacristalli elettrici anteriori- Bloccaggio centralizzato con telecomando= Aanvullende opties en accessoires =- Centrale deurvergrendeling afstandbediend- centrale deurvergrendeling met afstandsbediening- Elektrisch bedienbare ramen voor- elektrische ramen voor- Zwaailichten= Bijzonderheden =++++++HET LUKT NIET DE RIJ-ACCU OP TE LADEN, DEZE IS HELEMAAL LEEG NU. DAARVOOR WAS DE AUTO NOG RIJDEND.WIJ WETEN DE OORZAAK NIET.AUTO WORDT DUS ZO VERKOCHT EN RIJDT NU DUS NIET MEERLaadbak: 214 x 180VDF72D= Bedrijfsinformatie =+++! Voor eventuele bezichtiging graag een afspraak maken !2e Pinksterdag; 20 mei 2024 zijn we gesloten.Openingstijden: maandag t/m donderdag van 8.30 tot 17.30 en vrijdag van 8.30 tot 16.00 uur.Lunchpauze van 12:30 t/m 13:00Zie video's van onze voorraad op : pokazati kontakteWij hebben een grote voorraad Voertuigen en Machines voor het Beheer en Onderhoud van de Openbare Ruimte. Zoals: Bedrijfsauto's zoals: Gesloten bussen, Pickup 's, Kipper 's al dan niet met een Kraan, Veegvuilvoertuigen, Maaimachine 's, Veegmachine 's, Vuilniswagen 's, Kolkenzuigers, Vrachtwagens met Haakarm ( en Kraan ), Werktuigen, etc.Daarnaast hebben we een groot assortiment winterdienstmaterieel, zoals: Zoutstrooiers (aanhanger, opzet etc.), Sneeuwborstels en -ploegen, etc.B-tham T&C B.V.Schaarweg 26991GV RHEDEN (bij Arnhem)pokazati kontakte= Meer informatie =Aantal deuren: 2Cabine: enkelLengte/hoogte: L2Aantal zitplaatsen: 2Emissieklasse: Euro 0APK: gekeurd tot okt 2025BTW/marge: BTW niet verrekenbaar voor ondernemers (margeregeling)- Elektrisk betjente frontruter- Fjernstyrt sentrallås= Więcej opcji i akcesoriów =- Elektrycznie opuszczane szyby z przodu- Pilot do zamka centralnego= Więcej informacji =Liczba drzwi: 2Kabina: pojedynczyDługość/wysokość: L2Liczba miejsc siedzących: 2Klasa emisji: Euro 0APK (Przegląd techniczny): zatwierdzone do okt 2025VAT/marża: Brak możliwości odliczenia podatku VAT (procedura marży)= Opções e acessórios adicionais =- Fecho centralizado remoto- Vidros dianteiros elétricos= Mais informações =Número de portas: 2Cabina: simplescomprimento/altura: L2Número de bancos: 2Classe de emissões: Euro 0APK (MOT): testado até okt 2025IVA/margem: IVA não deduzível (regime de margem)- Geamuri față acționate electric- Închidere centralizată de la distanță= Дополнительные опции и оборудование =- Передние стеклоподъемники с электрическим приводом- Пульт дистанционного управления центральным замком= Дополнительная информация =Количество дверей: 2Кабина: односпальнаядлина/высота: L2Количество мест: 2Уровень выбросов: Euro 0APK (TO): проверка пройдена до okt 2025НДС/маржа: Без вычета НДС (схема маржи)- Diaľkové centrálne zamykanie- Elektricky ovládané predné okná- Centralt fjärrlås- Elmanövrerade främre fönster- Elektrikle çalışan ön camlar- Uzaktan merkezi kilitleme

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• Kolekcionarstvo i umetnostchevron_rightMuzika i film

Oglas

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• 29. Nov 2023.

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• Novi Sad

•

• kupindo.com

Lepo očuvanoLabel:Cash Money Records – UNIR22207-1, Universal Motown – UNIR22207-1Format:Vinyl, 12`, 33 ⅓ RPM, SingleCountry:USA & CanadaReleased:2008Genre:Hip Hop, RockStyle:Pop RapA1 Clean 3:39A2 Instrumental 3:39B1 Main (Dirty) 3:39B2 Acapella (Dirty) 3:39Composed By – A. Corrêa*, D. Carter*, M. Rodriquez*Lil VejnDwayne Michael Carter Jr. (born September 27, 1982),[2] known professionally as Lil Wayne, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He is regarded as one of the most influential hip hop artists of his generation,[3] and is often cited as one of the greatest rappers of all time.[4][5] Wayne`s career began in 1995, when he was signed by rapper Birdman to his record label Cash Money Records, becoming the youngest member of the label at age eleven.[6][7] From then on, he was the flagship artist of Cash Money Records before ending his association with the imprint in June 2018.[8]In 1995, Wayne was placed in a duo with label-mate B.G. and they released an album, True Story in July of that year, although Wayne (at the time known as Baby D) only appeared on three tracks.[9] Wayne and B.G. soon formed the Southern hip hop group Hot Boys with Cash Money label-mates Juvenile and Turk in 1997; they released their debut album Get It How U Live! in October that year. The Hot Boys became popular following the release of the album Guerrilla Warfare (1999) and their song `Bling Bling`.[10][11]Wayne`s debut album, Tha Block Is Hot (1999), was his solo breakthrough, followed by Lights Out (2000) and 500 Degreez (2003). He reached wider popularity and critical acclaim with his fourth and fifth albums Tha Carter (2004) and Tha Carter II (2005), as well as several mixtapes and collaborations throughout 2006 and 2007. He propelled to the forefront of hip hop with his sixth album Tha Carter III (2008), with first-week sales of over one million copies in the US. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, and included the consecutive hit singles `A Milli`, `Mrs. Officer` (featuring Bobby V and Kidd Kidd), `Got Money` (featuring T-Pain), and `Lollipop` (featuring Static Major)—the latter became his first song to peak the Billboard Hot 100.In February 2010, Wayne released his seventh studio album, Rebirth, which experimented with rap rock and was met with generally negative reviews. A month later in March, he began serving an 8-month jail sentence for criminal possession of a weapon stemming from an incident in July 2007. His eighth album, I Am Not a Human Being (2010) was released during his incarceration, while the release of his ninth album, Tha Carter IV (2011) coincided months after his release from prison. Tha Carter IV sold 964,000 copies in its first-week in the United States and received mixed reviews.[12] His twelfth studio album Tha Carter V (2018)—preceded by I Am Not a Human Being II (2013) and Free Weezy Album (2015)—was released following long-term delays and label disputes, and was met with 480,000 in first-week sales. Wayne`s thirteenth album, Funeral (2020) became his fifth non-consecutive number one album.[13]Wayne has sold over 200 million records worldwide, including more than 25 million albums and 92 million digital tracks in the United States, making him one of the world`s best-selling music artists.[14][15][16] He has won five Grammy Awards, eleven BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards and eight NAACP Image Awards. On September 27, 2012, he became the first male artist to surpass Elvis Presley with the most entries on the Billboard Hot 100, with 109 songs.[17][18] Wayne founded his own record label, Young Money Entertainment in 2005, which has signed artists including Drake and Nicki Minaj.Early lifeDwayne Michael Carter Jr. was born on September 27, 1982, and spent his first few years in the impoverished Hollygrove neighborhood of Uptown New Orleans, Louisiana`s 17th Ward.[19] His mother, a cook, gave birth to him when she was 19 years old. His parents divorced when he was two and his father permanently abandoned the family. When CBS interviewer Katie Couric asked why he used the name Wayne instead of his given name, Carter explained that `I dropped the D because I`m a junior and my father is living and he`s not in my life and he`s never been in my life. So I don`t want to be Dwayne, I`d rather be Wayne`. Asked if his father knew of this, Carter replied, `He knows now`.[20] Carter has said that he considers his deceased stepfather Reginald `Rabbit` McDonald to be his real father. Carter has a tattoo dedicated to McDonald.[21]Carter was enrolled in the gifted program at Lafayette Elementary School. He later attended Eleanor McMain Secondary School for two years, where he was an honor student and a member of the drama club, playing the Tin Man in the school`s production of The Wiz.[22][23][24] After matriculating to Marion Abramson Senior High School, Carter dropped out at age 14 to focus on his musical career.[25]Carter wrote his first rap song at age eight.[26] In the summer of 1991, he met rapper and Cash Money Records co-founder Bryan `Baby` Williams (known currently as Birdman), who mentored him and encouraged his love of hip-hop; Birdman included Carter on several Cash Money tracks, and Carter would often record freestyle raps on Williams` answering machine.[27]In 1994, at age 12, Carter suffered a near-fatal self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest.[28] At the time he said the injury was accidental. Decades later Carter claimed that it was an attempted suicide after he was told by his mother that he would have to end his rap-related associations.[29] Carter credits off-duty police officer Robert Hoobler, who he calls `Uncle Bob`, with saving his life by insisting the dying child be driven immediately to hospital in a police car rather than waiting for an ambulance to become available.[30] Other accounts indicate that several officers played a part in deciding on and implementing that course of action.[28]Career1997–1999: Career beginnings and Hot BoysIn 1997, Carter joined the Hot Boys along with rappers Juvenile, B.G., and Turk. At age 14, Carter was the youngest member at the time. Hot Boys` debut album Get It How U Live! was released the same year, followed in 1999 by the group`s major-label debut Guerrilla Warfare,[19] which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 5 on the Billboard 200.[31] During their career, the Hot Boys had two charting singles, `We on Fire` from Get It How U Live! and `I Need a Hot Girl` from Guerrilla Warfare.[32] Carter was also featured on Juvenile`s single `Back That Azz Up`, which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 5 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.[33] Let `Em Burn, a compilation album of unreleased tracks recorded during 1999 and 2000, came out in 2003, several years after the group disbanded.[34] It reached No. 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 14 on the Billboard 200.[31]1999–2004: Tha Block Is Hot, Lights Out, and 500 DegreezCarter`s debut solo album, Tha Block Is Hot, was released when he was 17 and featured significant contributions from the Hot Boys. It debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 and was later certified platinum by the RIAA less than two months after its release.[35][19] The album earned Carter a 1999 Source magazine nomination for `Best New Artist`,[36] and also became a Top Ten hit.[19] The lead single was `Tha Block Is Hot`. After the release of Tha Block Is Hot, Carter was featured on the single `Bling Bling`, with B.G., Juvenile, and Big Tymers. Carter`s verse appeared only on the radio version of the song, while on the album version he performed on the chorus.His second album, Lights Out, was released in 2000, and failed to attain the level of success achieved by his debut[19] but was certified gold by RIAA.[37] Critics noted the lack of coherent narratives in his verses as evidence that he had yet to mature to the level of his fellow Hot Boys.[38] The lead single was `Get Off the Corner`, which was noticed for an improvement in its lyrical content and style. The second single, which received less attention, was `Shine` featuring the Hot Boys. Near the release of Lights Out, Carter was featured on the single, `Number One Stunna` with Big Tymers and Juvenile, which peaked at number 24 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart.Carter`s third album, 500 Degreez, was released in 2002. It followed the format of his previous two, with significant contributions from the Hot Boys and Mannie Fresh. While being certified gold like its predecessor,[37] it also failed to match the success of his debut.[19] The title was a reference to the recently estranged Hot Boys member Juvenile`s recording, 400 Degreez.[39] The lead single was `Way of Life` which failed to match the success of his previous singles. After the release of 500 Degreez, Carter was featured on the single `Neva Get Enuf` by 3LW.[40]2004–2006: Tha Carter, Tha Carter II, and Like Father, Like SonIn the summer of 2004, Carter`s fourth studio album, Tha Carter, was released, marking what critics considered advancement in his rapping style and lyrical themes.[41] In addition, the album`s cover art featured the debut of Wayne`s now-signature dreadlocks.[19] Tha Carter gained Wayne significant recognition, selling 878,000 copies in the United States, while the single `Go DJ` became a Top 5 Hit on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart.[42] After the release of Tha Carter, Lil Wayne was featured in Destiny`s Child`s single `Soldier` with T.I., which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts.[43]Tha Carter II, the follow-up to the original Tha Carter album, was released in December 2005, this time without production by longtime Cash Money Records producer Mannie Fresh, who had left the label. Tha Carter II sold more than 238,000 copies in its first week of release, debuting at number 2 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and went on to sell 2,000,000 copies worldwide. The lead single `Fireman` became a hit in the US, peaking at 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Other singles included `Grown Man` with Currensy, `Hustler Musik`, and `Shooter` with R&B singer Robin Thicke. Carter also appeared on a remix of Bobby Valentino`s `Tell Me`, which rose to number 13 on the U.S. R&B Charts. In 2005, Carter was named president of Cash Money, and in the same year he founded Young Money Entertainment as an imprint of Cash Money.[44] However, as of late 2007, Carter reported having stepped down from the management of both labels and had handed management of Young Money over to Cortez Bryant.[45]In 2006, Carter collaborated with Birdman for the album Like Father, Like Son, whose first single `Stuntin` Like My Daddy`, reached number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100.2006–2007: Mixtapes and collaborationsLil Wayne performing at Voodoo Music Experience in 2008Instead of a follow-up solo album, Carter began to reach his audience through a plethora of mixtapes and guest appearances on a variety of pop and hip hop singles.[19] Of his many mixtapes, Dedication 2 and Da Drought 3 received the most media exposure and critical review. Dedication 2, released in 2006, paired Carter with DJ Drama and contained the acclaimed socially conscious track `Georgia Bush`, in which Carter critiqued former US president George W. Bush`s response to the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the city of New Orleans. Da Drought 3 was released the following year and was available for free legal download. It contained Carter rapping over a variety of beats from recent hits by other musicians. A number of prominent hip hop magazines such as XXL[46] and Vibe[25] covered the mixtape. Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone magazine considered the mixtapes Da Drought 3 and The Drought Is Over 2 (The Carter 3 Sessions) `among the best albums of 2007`.[47]Despite no album release for two years, Carter appeared in numerous singles as a featured performer, including `Gimme That` by Chris Brown, `Make It Rain` by Fat Joe, `You` by Lloyd, and `We Takin` Over` by DJ Khaled (also featuring Akon, T.I., Rick Ross, Fat Joe, and Birdman), `Duffle Bag Boy` by Playaz Circle, `Sweetest Girl (Dollar Bill)` by Wyclef Jean (also featuring Akon), and the remix to `I`m So Hood` by DJ Khaled (also featuring T-Pain, Young Jeezy, Ludacris, Busta Rhymes, Big Boi, Fat Joe, Birdman, and Rick Ross). All these singles charted within the top 20 spots on the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Rap Tracks, and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. On Birdman`s 2007 album, 5 * Stunna, Carter appeared on the singles `100 Million` and `I Run This` among several other tracks. Carter also appeared on tracks from albums Getback by Little Brother, American Gangster by Jay-Z, and Graduation by Kanye West and Insomniac by Enrique Iglesias. `Make it Rain`, a Scott Storch production that peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100 and number two on the Hot Rap Tracks chart,[48] was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for 2008.[49]Vibe magazine ranked a list of 77 of Lil Wayne`s songs from 2007 and ranked his verse in DJ Khaled`s `We Takin Over` as his best of 2007, with `Dough Is What I Got` (a freestyle over the beat of Jay-Z`s `Show Me What You Got`) from Da Drought 3.[25] At the end of 2007, an MTV poll selected Lil Wayne as `Hottest MC in the Game`,[50] The New Yorker magazine ranked him `Rapper of the Year`,[27] and GQ magazine named him `Workaholic of the Year`.[51] In 2008 he was named `Best MC` by Rolling Stone.[47] Another article, built around Lil Wayne`s 2007 mixtape work, cites his creative practice as an example of post-performance creative practice.[52]2007–2010: Tha Carter III, We Are Young Money, and RebirthLil Wayne performing in concert at Rogers Arena in Vancouver, Canada, January 2009In 2007, Carter stated that he would reunite with Hot Boys, with plans to release an album after B.G.`s solo album Too Hood to Be Hollywood was completed.[53] Tha Carter III was originally scheduled to be released in 2007, but it was delayed after several recordings were leaked and distributed through mixtapes, including The Drought Is Over Pt. 2 and The Drought Is Over Pt. 4. Lil Wayne initially planned to release The Leak, a separate album with leaked songs and four additional tracks, on December 18, 2007, with Tha Carter III delayed to March 18, 2008.[54] Instead, The Leak became an EP with five songs and was released digitally on December 25, 2007.[55]Tha Carter III was released on June 10, 2008, with first-week sales of over 1 million copies, the first to do so since 50 Cent`s The Massacre (2005).[56] The album`s first single `Lollipop`, featuring Static Major, became the Carter`s most successful song at the time, topping the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming his first top 10 single as a solo artist and his first number one on the chart. The third single `Got Money`, featuring T-Pain, peaked at number 13 on the Billboard 100. Tha Carter III went on to win four Grammy Awards, including best rap album and best rap song, which he won for `Lollipop`.[57] On July 14, 2008, the Recording Industry Association of America certified Tha Carter III two times platinum.[58] In October 2008, Lil Wayne announced plans to MTV News to re-release the album with new tracks, including a duet with Ludacris and remixes of `A Milli`.[59]Carter also appeared on R&B singles `Girls Around the World` by Lloyd, `Love In This Club, Part II` by Usher, `Official Girl` by Cassie, `I`m So Paid` by Akon, `Turnin` Me On` by Keri Hilson, and `Can`t Believe It` by T-Pain; rap singles `My Life` by The Game, `Shawty Say` by David Banner, `Swagga Like Us` by T.I., `Cutty Buddy` by Mike Jones, All My Life (In the Ghetto) by Jay Rock and the remix to `Certified` by Glasses Malone; and pop single `Let It Rock` by new Cash Money artist Kevin Rudolf.In 2008, Carter performed at the Voodoo Experience in October in New Orleans, which was described by Jonathan Cohen of Billboard as his biggest hometown headlining set of his career.[60] He also performed at the Virgin Mobile Music Fest with Kanye West, where they performed the remix of `Lollipop` and lip-synced to Whitney Houston`s `I Will Always Love You`.[61] Lil Wayne also performed at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards with Kid Rock (`All Summer Long`), Leona Lewis (`DontGetIt (Misunderstood)`) and T-Pain (`Got Money`) and performed `Lollipop` and `Got Money` on the season premiere of Saturday Night Live.[62] He later performed at the homecoming rally at Vanderbilt University[63] and the 2008 BET Hip Hop Awards, where he received 12 nominations.[64] He won eight awards at the BET Hip Hop Awards, one of which included the `MVP` title.[65] After M.I.A. dropped out of performing on the I Am Music Tour due to her pregnancy, Jay-Z performed `Mr. Carter` with Lil Wayne at select shows.[66]Following Tha Carter III`s achievement of selling over 3 million copies, becoming 2008`s best-selling record, Carter re-signed with Cash Money Records for a multi-album deal.[67] On November 11, 2008, Carter became the first hip hop act to perform at the Country Music Association Awards, playing `All Summer Long` alongside Kid Rock, in which Carter inaudibly strummed guitar strings alongside the guitarist in Kid Rock`s band.[68] Shortly after, Wayne was nominated for eight Grammys – the most for any artist nominated that year.[69] He was then named the first MTV Man of the Year at the end of 2008.[70] He won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for `A Milli`, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for his appearance in T.I.`s single `Swagga Like Us`, and Best Rap Song for `Lollipop`. Tha Carter III won the award for Best Rap Album.[57] MTV News listed Carter number two on their 2009 list of the Hottest MCs In The Game.[71]Prior to the 2009 Grammy Awards, Wayne was featured in an interview with Katie Couric.[72] On February 7, 2009, he presented the Top Ten List on CBS`s Late Show with David Letterman.[73] On April 24, 2009, he appeared on The View, discussing his GED and addictions.[74] In September 2009, Carter was profiled in an episode of VH1`s Behind the Music[75] and was a presenter of the 2009 MTV Movie Awards.[76] In film, Carter produced and composed music for and starred in the direct-to-video film Hurricane Season. A documentary of Carter, titled The Carter, was released at the Sundance Film Festival.[77]On December 23, 2009, Carter released a collaboration album with Young Money, We Are Young Money, with its lead single being `Every Girl`.[78] The second single was `BedRock`, featuring Lloyd, with the third being `Roger That`. On May 24, 2010, the album was certified gold by the RIAA with over 500,000 copies sold.[79] Carter is featured on the song, `Revolver`, with Madonna for her greatest hits album, Celebration (2009). He was also featured on a Weezer song, `Can`t Stop Partying`, on Raditude (2009).[80] In late 2008, Carter announced plans to reissue Tha Carter III with leftover recordings, and was to be titled Rebirth, originally scheduled to be released on April 7, 2009, before being delayed several times.[81] Rebirth instead became his sixth solo album, released on February 2, 2010.To support its release and that of We Are Young Money, Carter was featured on the cover of Rolling Stone[82] and headlined the `Young Money Presents: America`s Most Wanted Music Festival`, a United States and Canada–only concert tour which began on July 29, 2009. `Prom Queen`, the first official single, debuted on January 27, 2009, immediately after a live Internet broadcast on Ustream[83] of his concert in San Diego.[84] It peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. On December 3, 2009, the second single, `On Fire`, produced by Cool & Dre[85] `On Fire` peaked at number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. `Drop the World`, which features Eminem, was the third single from the Rebirth.[85]2010–2013: I Am Not a Human Being series and Tha Carter IVIn an interview on MTV`s Mixtape Monday, Carter asserted the possibility of Tha Carter IV.[86] He later announced that it would be released in late 2009 before the holiday season.[87] Birdman had previously stated that Tha Carter IV would be packaged with Rebirth as a double disc album.[88] However, Carter denied this idea saying that `Tha Carter IV deserves Tha Carter IV`, adding that We Are Young Money may be packaged with Rebirth.[89][90] However, both albums were released separately.In June 2010, Lil Wayne appeared on two tracks to Kevin Rudolf`s album, To the Sky. He appeared on the tracks `I Made It (Cash Money Heroes)` and `Spit In Your Face`.Originally thought to be an EP, Carter released his tenth album, I Am Not a Human Being, on his 28th birthday, September 27, 2010. The album has sold over 953,000 copies in the U.S.[91] and spawned successful single `Right Above It`, which peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100. Tha Carter IV was later delayed into 2011, after Lil Wayne began recording from scratch after his release from prison.[92] He described his first song since his release as `a 2010 version of A Milli on steroids`. The album`s lead single, `6 Foot 7 Foot` featuring Cory Gunz, was released on December 15, 2010, and made available for digital download on iTunes on December 16, 2010. The song is produced by Bangladesh, who also produced `A Milli`.[93]On March 8, 2011, Carter released another song, `We Back Soon`, produced by StreetRunner, though it was not included on the official track listing of Tha Carter IV.[94] The second single, `John`, was released on March 24, 2011, which features Rick Ross and is produced by Polow Da Don.[citation needed] The album`s artwork was unveiled on April 20, 2011. The album was originally scheduled to be released on May 16, 2011,[95] but Mack Maine had confirmed its delay until June 21. On May 26, 2011, the third single, `How to Love`, was released. A song called `Dear Anne (Stan Part 2)` was released in June. Carter said the song was a throwaway track from Tha Carter III and was originally supposed to be on Tha Carter IV, but decided not to put it on there because of its age. Carter said that he liked the beat, but not the lyrics, and was thinking about revamping the song.[citation needed]Lil Wayne in 2011In July 2011, Carter confirmed in an interview with MTV that Tha Carter IV was finished, and was released on August 29, 2011. For preparation for Tha Carter IV, Carter released a mixtape, Sorry 4 the Wait, with all the beats coming from other artist`s songs, similar to his mixtape No Ceilings. Tha Carter IV debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 964,000 copies, making it Carter`s third chart-topping album of his career. On January 8, 2012, according to Nielsen SoundScan was elected the seventh artist (second male artist) all-time best-selling tracks digital with 36,788,000 million to the end of 2011.In October 2011, it was reported that Carter was working on sequels to both I Am Not a Human Being and Rebirth.[96] In January 2012, Birdman announced that he and Carter had finished recording Like Father, Like Son 2.[97] On November 22, 2012, he announced that Tha Carter V would be his final album.[98] After numerous delays, I Am Not a Human Being II was released on March 26, 2013, debuting at number two on the Billboard 200 selling 217,000 copies in its first week;[99] `My Homies Still`, `Love Me`, and `No Worries` were released as singles prior to its release. The album was met with generally mixed reviews, with most critics noticing the declining quality of his releases. Carter toured North America with 2 Chainz and T.I. on the second America`s Most Wanted Festival.[100] On May 3, 2013, Pepsi dropped Carter, who was a spokesperson for Mountain Dew, due to offensive lyrics about civil rights icon Emmett Till.[101] On September 1, 2013, Carter released the fifth instalment of the `Dedication` mixtape series, with Dedication 5. The mixtape featured 29 tracks, with guest appearances from The Weeknd, Chance The Rapper, Jae Millz, Birdman, T.I., Vado, Kidd Kidd, and 2 Chainz among other members of Young Money.[102]2014–2019: Free Weezy Album and Tha Carter VWayne performing in 2015On February 10, 2014, Drake tweeted `CARTER V`.[103][104] On October 18, 2013, Cash Money Records Vice President of Promotion Mel Smith, tweeted: `Happy Friday!! New YMCMB music coming soon!! Carter 5.`[105] Nearly four months later, in an interview with The Griffin, released on February 14, 2014, Smith spoke on the upcoming album: `We`re very close to dropping the album. It`s going to be a huge surprise to everyone, it`s an incredible album ... I can`t release the date because he wants to surprise people, he wants his true fan base to get excited, but he`s worked extremely hard on it and you won`t be disappointed.`[105] On February 15, 2014, during the NBA All-Star Weekend festivities at Sprite`s NBA All-Star concert at the House of Blues in New Orleans, Carter appeared as a special guest during Drake`s set and performed various hits. Carter and Drake then announced that Tha Carter V would be released on May 5, 2014.[106][107] However, on March 27, 2014, Carter`s manager Cortez Bryant announced that the album had been delayed.[108][109] Carter then serviced Tha Carter V`s first single `Believe Me`, which features vocals from Drake, to mainstream urban radio in the United States on May 6, 2014.[110] Three more singles, `Krazy`, `Grindin`` (featuring Drake) and `Start a Fire` (featuring Christina Milian), were also released for the album.On December 4, 2014, just five days before the album was due to be released again, Carter issued a statement saying the album would not be released on its expected release date, due to his displeasure with Cash Money Records label-boss Birdman, refusing to release the album although it had been completed. Carter also expressed his feelings by stating he felt both he and his creativity were being held `prisoner`.[111][112]On January 20, 2015, Carter self-released Sorry 4 the Wait 2, a sequel to his 2011 mixtape, to compensate for the continued delay of Tha Carter V.[113][114] Upon Sorry for the Wait 2`s release, it was said Wayne disses Birdman and Cash Money Records, several times throughout the mixtape.[115][116][117] Birdman was reported to be upset with this.[118] In late January 2015, Carter sued Birdman and Cash Money Records for $51 million.[119][120] In February 2015, due to Tha Carter V`s delay, Carter announced that a free album would be released prior to the fifth installment in his popular series.[121] In June 2015, Carter joined Jay-Z`s TIDAL, as an artist owner, kicking off the partnership by exclusively releasing a single on the service titled `Glory`.[122] He`s also announced plans on his own TIDAL X concert series.[123] On July 4, 2015, Carter released Free Weezy Album, exclusively through TIDAL, under Young Money and Republic Records.[124]Carter and Birdman supposedly reconciled after being seen at Drake`s NYE Party, at Miami`s Club Liv, and in studio.[125] On January 27, 2016, when rapper 2 Chainz released his `Felt Like Cappin` EP, Carter is featured on the lead single titled `Back On That Bullsh*t`.[citation needed] On March 4, 2016, 2 Chainz released his third studio album, ColleGrove. The album was initially a collaborative effort between 2 Chainz and Carter, but due to his record label issues, only 2 Chainz was credited as the primary artist. In 2017, Carter announced that he signed with Roc Nation.[126] Later, Carter revealed that there was no official paperwork that he signed to the label. On June 28, 2016, Carter was one of the main singers in the song `Sucker for Pain`, along with Wiz Khalifa and Imagine Dragons, for the DC Comics film Suicide Squad. X Ambassadors and Ty Dolla Sign were also featured in the song. On August 8, 2017, he released the song `Like a Man` with sound engineer Onhel.[127] On June 7, 2018, it was announced that Carter had been released from Cash Money Records and will be releasing Tha Carter V via Universal Records.[128][129]In September 2016, Carter`s song `No Mercy` debuted as the theme song for Skip and Shannon: Undisputed sports talk on FS1. Carter is a frequent guest on the program. On Christmas 2017, Carter released the mixtape Dedication 6, the sixth instalment of the `Gangsta Grillz` chronology. The second part was released on January 26, 2018.[130][131]Tha Carter V was finally released on September 27, 2018, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 480,000 album-equivalent units, including 140,000 pure album sales. It is the second-largest streaming week for an album behind Drake`s Scorpion with 433 million streams. It is also Carter`s fourth US number-one album.[132] Every song on the album charted on the Billboard 100, while simultaneously charting 4 songs in the top 10, also becoming the first artist to debut two songs in the top 5.[133][134]2020–present: Funeral and Tha Carter VIWhile Carter was working on Tha Carter V, it was announced that his next album would be titled Funeral.[135] On January 23, 2020, he revealed the album`s release date and album artwork.[136][137] Funeral was released on January 31, and debuted at number-one on the US Billboard 200, with 139,000 album-equivalent units, becoming his fifth US number-one album.[138] The album received generally positive reviews from music critics.[139] On February 2, 2020, Lil Wayne competed in Season 3 of The Masked Singer after the Super Bowl LIV as `Robot`. He was the first to be eliminated. Carter featured on Lil Baby`s track `Forever`, a track from Baby`s second studio album, My Turn, which was released on February 28, 2020.[140][141] Carter also participates in the music video for the song, which was released on March 3, 2020.[142] This marked the second collaboration for the two artists in 2020, with the first being on Carter`s single `I Do It`.[140]On April 24, 2020, Lil Wayne along with Dash Radio, launched his own radio show, Young Money Radio, on Apple Music. Wayne described the show as having `heavyweights calling in discussing sports, music, comedy, everything!`.[143] On July 3, Lil Wayne released his eleventh studio album, Free Weezy Album (2015) on streaming services to commemorate its five-year anniversary. The album charted at number 77 on the Billboard 200 the following week.[144] On May 29, Wayne released the deluxe edition of Funeral featuring artists such as Doja Cat, Tory Lanez, Lil Uzi Vert, Benny The Butcher, Conway the Machine and Jessie Reyez.[145] On August 28, Wayne released another old project, his 2009 mixtape No Ceilings, for commercial release. He also celebrated the release by collaborating with ASAP Ferg on the song `No Ceilings`.[146] Wayne was featured on YoungBoy Never Broke Again`s album Top on the track `My Window`, released on September 11. His verse received praise from critics.[147][148][149][150] On September 25, he released the deluxe edition of his twelfth album Tha Carter V, to celebrate the album`s two-year anniversary; it consists of songs that did not make the cut on the original album.[151]On November 27, 2020, Lil Wayne released the mixtape No Ceilings 3, while announcing the album I Am Not a Human Being III for 2021,[152] although it would not be released that year due to delays. On October 1, 2021, Wayne and Rich the Kid released a collaborative mixtape titled Trust Fund Babies, along with a music video for the single `Feelin` Like Tunechi`. The mixtape took roughly a month and a half to record. On their working relationship, Wayne said, `For me, it`s the chemistry, it`s the camaraderie because first of all, Rich like my little bro and me and Rich been rockin` for a minute`.[153]On March 31, 2023, Wayne dropped his first ever greatest hits album titled I Am Music.[154] Wayne is currently[when?] working on Tha Carter VI, and released a single titled `Kat Food` on September 1, 2023.[146] On November 3, 2023, Wayne was featured on the remix to Ciara and Chris Brown`s single `How We Roll`[155]Future projects`I Can`t Feel My Face` redirects here. For the song by The Weeknd, see Can`t Feel My Face.Lil Wayne at Beacon Theatre in 2007Carter has announced several possible upcoming projects, including a collaborative album entitled I Can`t Feel My Face with Harlem-based rapper Juelz Santana, that has been in production for several years.[156][157] In late 2011, it was announced by Mack Maine that Carter and Juelz Santana had gone back to work on their collaborative album I Can`t Feel My Face, which had been delayed for a few years due to `label politics`.[158]On June 19, 2008, Carter and T-Pain formed a duo called T-Wayne[159] with plans to release an album, titled He Raps, He Sings;[160] however, those plans have died down due to much of the material recorded for the album being leaked.[161] T-Pain ultimately released T-Wayne in 2017.According to an interview with Drake, in the December 2011 issue of XXL, plans for an upcoming album with Carter had been scrapped for the time being because of the Jay-Z and Kanye West collaboration album Watch the Throne (2011).[162][163]In April 2012, on the premiere of MTV`s Hip Hop POV, Carter sat down with Amanda Seales and spoke briefly about an album he put together titled Devol (loved, backwards), an album full of `love songs` that he wrote during his imprisonment at Rikers Island. In May 2013 he confirmed the album will still be released.[164][165][166]Carter`s once ongoing litigation with Cash Money prevented numerous completed projects from being released. In January 2017, Young Money revealed the title of a planned Carter album called Velvet.[167] The album ended up leaking online in November 2018.[168]Retirement plansOn March 29, 2011, in an interview with Hot 97`s Angie Martinez, Carter announced that he would retire at age 35; saying `I have four kids`, and that `I would feel selfish still going to the studio when it`s such a vital point in their lives.`[169] He said in November 2012 that Tha Carter V will be his last album as he wanted to go into other interests.[170]In March 2014, Carter reconfirmed at SXSW that Tha Carter V will be his last album during his keynote with interviewer Elliot Wilson.[171]In September 2016, in regard to his contract dispute with Cash Money, he indicated a possible retirement on Twitter saying `I AM NOW DEFENSELESS and mentally DEFEATED` and then said, `I leave gracefully and thankful I luh my fanz but I`m done.` Many rappers responded with respect and encouragement.[172]ArtistryLil Wayne has cited rapper Missy Elliott as his biggest musical inspiration, saying `she`s a huge influence of everything I`ve ever done`.[173] Another one of his major influences is American hip hop group Goodie Mob.[174] In an interview with Genius, Lil Wayne said `I`ve been listening to Goodie Mob since I was in the 7th grade`.[175] For his MTV Unplugged special, Lil Wayne paid tribute to Tupac by covering his music.[176] He also pulled inspiration from Tupac`s `Keep Ya Head Up` for his 2011 single `How to Love`.[177]Additionally, he has mentioned T-Pain, Prince, Wyclef Jean, Lauryn Hill, Erykah Badu, Alicia Keys, and Lenny Kravitz as influences, stating `I viewed them seriously and was like, `Wow, I could do that without being totally them.`[178][179] Lil Wayne and rapper Calboy paid homage to Hill on their 2021 single `Miseducation` titled after Hill`s 1998 album The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill.[180]According to American Songwriter, Lil Wayne credits Jay-Z for inspiring him to freestyle rhymes while recording over an instrumental, as opposed to writing down his lyrics.[181]LegacyLil Wayne is claimed to be `one of the most influential artists in the 21st century` and is many times called as `the greatest rapper of his generation`, as well as one of the greatest rappers of all time.[182][183] His musical style and usage of autotune influenced modern sound of hip-hop music and its subgenres, especially development of trap.[184]Artists like Nicki Minaj, Young Thug and Lil Skies have often mentioned Lil Wayne as their musical role model and inspiration.Many of later upcoming rappers and musicians cited him as an influence on their careers and musical style, among them are Nicki Minaj,[185] Drake,[186] Fall Out Boy,[187] Kendrick Lamar,[188][189] 2 Chainz,[189] Tyga,[189] Future,[190] Lil B,[189] Young Thug,[191] Lil Uzi Vert,[192] Trippie Redd,[193][189] Lil Skies,[194][189] Playboi Carti,[195] YoungBoy Never Broke Again,[196][189] Lil Baby,[197] DaBaby,[198] Polo G,[199] BlocBoy JB,[189] NLE Choppa,[200][201] and The Kid Laroi;[202] with some of them he has also collaborated. His lyrics have also been criticized for their controversial subject matter. [203][204]Personal lifeRelationships and childrenCarter has four children. His first child, daughter Reginae, was born November 29, 1998, when he was 16,[205] to his high school sweetheart Toya Johnson. They later married on Valentine`s Day 2004 and divorced in 2006.[206] Internet rumors circulatied in August 2008 that Carter`s daughter had died in an auto accident; he immediately dispelled them.[207]His second child, Dwayne III, was born on October 22, 2008, at The Christ Hospital in Cincinnati[208] to radio broadcaster Sarah Vivan.[209][210] His third child, Cameron,[211] was born to actress Lauren London on September 9, 2009.[212] His fourth child, Neal, was born on November 30, 2009, to singer Nivea.[213] Trina also became pregnant with Carter`s child, but later suffered a miscarriage.[214]In July 2014, it was rumored that Carter was dating singer Christina Milian, with whom he attended the ESPY Awards.[215] They later confirmed their relationship in mid-2015,[216] after which they received criticism from their interconnected exes, singer Nivea[217] and songwriter The-Dream.[218] They split at the end of 2015,[219][220] having collaborated on multiple singles, videos, and concert dates.Wayne was engaged to model La`Tecia Thomas but called off the engagement in May 2020.[221]In June 2020, it was announced that Wayne had started dating Denise Bidot, another model.[222] In November 2020, they reportedly broke up over Wayne`s endorsem*nt of Donald Trump.[223] Shortly after, it was reported that the couple had reconciled.[224][225][226][227]Beliefs and interestsIn an interview with Blender, Carter revealed one of his favorite bands from childhood to be rock group Nirvana, and cites them as a major influence in his music.[228]Wayne in 2006Carter got his first tattoo at age 14 of his dad`s name and his second was `Cash Money` across his stomach.[214] His tattoos have grown to include a Jay-Z verse on his leg, `I Am Music` on his forehead and teardrops on his cheeks among many others. His most recent one is `Baked` on his forehead stylized as the Baker Skateboards logo.[229][230][231]Carter identifies as a Catholic.[232][233][234] While playing in Newark Symphony Hall, Carter professed his belief `in God and His son, Jesus`.[230] During his 2011 tour in Australia with Eminem, before beginning his bracket he proclaimed his belief in God.[235]After earning his GED, Carter enrolled at the University of Houston in January 2005. He dropped out in the same year due to his conflicting schedule.[236][237] He also revealed on The View that he switched to the University of Phoenix and majored in psychology taking online courses.[74] An article in Urb magazine in March 2007 asserted that Carter had been earning high grades at Houston.[238]Carter received criticism after a video released by TMZ showed him apparently stepping on the U.S. flag. Carter later explained that `It was never my intention to desecrate the flag of the United States`, and that he was shooting a video for a song on his upcoming album, `God Bless Amerika`. He says the purpose of the flag was to show that `behind the American Flag was the Hoods of America`.[239]In late 2016, Carter made statements critical of the Black Lives Matter movement, saying, `I don`t feel connected to a damn thing that ain`t got nothin` to do with me. If you do, you crazy as sh*t,` adding that his status as a wealthy black man who has white fans is evidence that black people are valued in the United States.[240]In 2016, Carter purchased Player`s Rep. Sports Agency, and became Young Money APAA sports, which hired NFL`s first female sports agent, Nicole Lynn. She currently represents Seth Roberts, Corey Nelson, Jordan Evans, Malik Jefferson, Erik Harris, Quinnen Williams, as well as NCAA coaches, and two former #1 Pro Softball draft picks.[241]On October 29, 2020, less than a week before the presidential election, Carter posted an image of him and President Donald Trump to Twitter. In the caption for the photo, Carter revealed that he and Trump had recently met to discuss criminal justice reform and Trump`s Platinum Plan, an initiative which aims to raise access to capital in Black communities by almost $500 billion. Carter claimed Trump `listened to what we had to say today and assured he will and can get it done`.[242]Health problemsOn October 25, 2012, Carter`s private jet, bound for Los Angeles, made an emergency landing in Texas due to an in-flight medical episode. Lil Wayne was transferred to a local hospital upon arrival.[243] TMZ and other media sources said that Carter had suffered a seizure aboard the plane.[244] His publicist denied this, saying that he was in fact treated for `a severe migraine and dehydration`.[245]The following day, while flying from Texas to Los Angeles, Carter`s private jet was reportedly again forced to make an emergency landing, this time in Louisiana, after he suffered a second seizure and required further hospitalization.[245][246] His representative said that the reports of Carter`s condition had been exaggerated, and that he was resting at his Louisiana home.[247] In a November 2012 interview with MTV, Carter revealed that he was taking seizure medication, on doctors` orders, due to the aforementioned incidents.[248]On March 14, 2013, TMZ reported that Carter had been treated at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on the evening of March 12, after having seizures while on a music video set with Young Money rapper Nicki Minaj. He was reportedly released in the early hours of March 13.[249] On March 15, TMZ published a second story, claiming that hours after his release on March 13, Carter was found unconscious after experiencing further seizures, and was brought back to Cedars-Sinai, where he was admitted to the intensive care unit in critical condition.[250][251][252] The article alleged the latest seizures were found to be linked to high amounts of codeine in Carter`s system, possibly due to bingeing on purple drank after his initial hospital release.[251][253][254] Multiple celebrities, including Drake and Birdman, were photographed on March 15 and 16 visiting Carter at Cedars-Sinai.[253]Several members of Young Money Entertainment, including president Mack Maine, criticized media reports on Carter`s hospitalization, particularly those of TMZ, alleging that they exaggerated the severity of his condition and falsely implied that he was on his deathbed (such as by saying that he was in a medically induced coma),[255] triggering what the Washington Post called `the most overheated celebrity deathwatch in recent years`.[256] In separate interviews on March 18, Mack Maine and Birdman disputed TMZ`s reports, and stated that in fact there were not multiple seizures or multiple hospital visits. They explained that after Carter began seizing on the way to the music video shoot on March 12, an ambulance was called and he was transported to the hospital, where he was admitted and remained continuously thereafter.[257] They also refuted the claims that Carter`s seizures are drug-induced, saying that they are an ongoing problem for which doctors have been unable to identify a cause.[258]Carter was released from the hospital late on March 18, following a six-day stay.[259] Lil Wayne addressed his condition via a vlog, on March 21 saying he was more than good.[260]Carter had two seizures in June 2016, during a cross-country flight from Wisconsin to California, and landed in Omaha, Nebraska.[261] His plane was only two minutes in the air when the second seizure occurred, forcing the plane to land in Omaha once again. Less than a month later, he had another seizure, supposedly due to not taking his epilepsy medication.[262]Carter canceled a Las Vegas show on September 3, 2017, having had a seizure in a Chicago hospital earlier that day, where he was brought after being found unconscious in a hotel room.[263]PhilanthropyOn February 19, 2008, Carter and Cortez Bryant revisited their alma mater McMain Secondary School to get students to design an invitation to the gala introducing Carter`s nonprofit One Family Foundation.[264]Other venturesYoung Money EntertainmentMain article: Young Money EntertainmentBooksCarter wrote a memoir of his experience in Rikers Island called Gone Til` November: A Journal of Rikers Island that was released October 11, 2016.[265]Cannabis industryIn December 2019, Carter announced his own cannabis brand under the name of GKUA Ultra Premium.[266]Sports mediaOn September 24, 2008, Carter published his first blog for ESPN in their issue, ESPN The Magazine. Carter revealed he was a fan of tennis, the Green Bay Packers, the Boston Bruins, the Los Angeles Lakers and the Boston Red Sox. To commemorate the Packers` making it to Super Bowl XLV, he spoofed Wiz Khalifa`s hit song `Black and Yellow` (which were the colors of the Packers` opponents, the Pittsburgh Steelers) in a song titled `Green and Yellow`.[267] He released a second version of the song in 2021, which was requested by the Packers, and updated with the current roster.[268] Carter has continued writing for ESPN, notably reporting at the ESPN Super Bowl party.[269]On January 6, 2009, Carter was a guest debater against Skip Bayless on the `1st & 10` segment of ESPN First Take.[270] On February 10, 2009, he appeared on ESPN`s Around the Horn and beat out veterans Woody Paige, Jay Mariotti and fellow New Orleanian Michael Smith to win that show`s episode.[271]Carter made his debut on ESPN`s daily sports round table show Around The Horn on February 10, 2009.[272] Carter created the intro song `No Mercy` for the Fox Sports 1 sports debate show Undisputed. After Shannon Sharpe`s departure from the show, Carter created a no theme song for Undisputed titled `Good Morning`.[273] Carter also joined the series as a regular guest opposite Bayless.[274]Legal issuesArrests, incarceration, and presidential pardonOn July 22, 2007, Carter was arrested in New York City following a performance at the Beacon Theatre; the New York City Police Department discovered Carter and another man smoking marijuana near a tour bus. After taking Carter into custody, police discovered a .40 caliber pistol near his person. The gun, which was registered to his manager, was in a bag located near the rapper.[275] He was charged with criminal possession of a weapon and marijuana.[276][277]Following a performance at Qwest Arena in Boise, Idaho, Carter was arrested October 5, 2007, on felony fugitive charges after Georgia authorities accused the rapper of possessing a controlled substance.[278] The incident was later described as a `mix-up` and the fugitive charges were dropped.[279]On January 23, 2008, Carter was arrested alongside two others. His tour bus was stopped by Border Patrol agents near Yuma, Arizona. A K-9 Unit recovered 105 grams (3.7 oz) of marijuana, almost 29 grams (1.0 oz) of cocaine, 41 grams (1.4 oz) of ecstasy, and $22,000 in cash. Carter was charged with four felonies: possession of narcotic drug for sale, possession of dangerous drugs, misconduct involving weapons and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was granted permission to travel outside of the state and remain out of custody on the $10,185 bond he posted.[280]On May 6, 2008, Carter returned to court in Arizona to plead not guilty to the charges.[281] A bench warrant was issued on March 17, 2010, when Carter did not show for a final trial management conference.[282][283] However, he was already incarcerated, serving a one-year sentence on Rikers Island on weapons charges. On June 22, 2010, Carter pleaded guilty to the charges. As part of the plea deal he was able to serve 36 months of probation, which he was sentenced to on June 30, 2010.[284][285]On December 18, 2009, Carter and 11 others were detained at the Falfurrias, Texas, border patrol checkpoint after an unknown amount of marijuana was found on two of his tour buses.[286]On October 22, 2009, Carter pleaded guilty to attempted criminal possession of a weapon. He was due for sentencing in February 2010 and was expected to receive a one-year county jail sentence,[287] but on February 9, 2010, Carter`s attorney announced that the sentencing was delayed until March 2 due to dental surgery,[288] which was performed on February 16. The surgery included eight root canals, the replacement of several tooth implants, as well as the addition of a few new implants and work on his remaining original teeth.[289] On March 2, 2010, sentencing was postponed again when the courthouse reported a fire in the basem*nt.[290]On March 8, 2010, Carter was given a one-year sentence, which he served on Rikers Island. His lawyer said the rapper expected to be held in protective custody, separated from other prisoners.[291] In May 2010, Carter was found by Rikers Island correctional staff to be in possession of contraband (an MP3 player, charger, and headphones).[292] In April 2010, Carter`s friends created a website called Weezy Thanx You, which publishes letters written by Carter while incarcerated.[231][293] In the first letter, titled `Gone `til November`, Carter said he was staying in good spirits thinking about his children and spending his time working out regularly and reading the Bible every day.[231] Carter was released from Rikers Island Jail on November 4, 2010, after serving eight months of his year-long sentence.[294]On December 12, 2020, Carter pleaded guilty to a federal firearms charge brought against him by the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida. This plea stemmed from an incident during December of the previous year, when Carter was arrested in Florida after transporting a loaded handgun on his private jet from California. As a convicted felon, he is barred from possessing such weapons.[295] He was pardoned by U.S. President Donald Trump on January 19, 2021, his last full day in office.[296]LawsuitsOn July 24, 2008, Abkco Music Inc filed a lawsuit against Carter for copyright infringement and unfair competition, specifically referring to Tha Carter III`s track `Playing with Fire`.[297] In the lawsuit, Abkco says that the song was obviously derived from The Rolling Stones` `Play with Fire`, to which Abkco owns the rights.[297][298] Subsequently, `Playing with Fire` was removed from the track list of Tha Carter III on all online music stores and replaced with the David Banner produced track, `puss* Monster`.[299]In February 2009, production company RMF Productions filed a $1.3 million lawsuit against Carter following a $100,000 advance payment for three shows, all of which were cancelled by the artist.[300]In October 2009, Carter, Birdman, Cash Money Records, and various music distribution outlets were sued for copyright infringement by Thomas Marasciullo, who says his voice was used without permission. The rappers asked him to record some `Italian-styled spoken word recordings` in 2006. The lyrics were allegedly used on `Respect` and other tracks from the rappers` collaboration album Like Father, Like Son and Birdman`s 5 * Stunna.[301]In March 2011, producer Deezle (Darius Harrison) sued Carter and his parent labels Cash Money Records over unpaid royalties from Tha Carter III.[302]In May 2011, producer Bangladesh also filed a lawsuit against Weezy & Co. over unpaid royalties as well.[303]In early June 2011, another producer named David Kirkwood filed a lawsuit against Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records on claims that the labels have failed to pay him over $1.5 million in royalties and production services for his work on the album, also including his songwriting on `Love Me or Hate Me`, a bonus song featured only on the deluxe edition of the album.[304]Also in June 2011, Dallas producers Play-N-Skillz filed a lawsuit against him, saying Carter owes them at least $1 million in unpaid royalties for `Got Money` from his album Tha Carter III. The single has sold over 2 million copies since being released.[305]In July 2011, Done Deal Enterprises, a production company based in Georgia, filed suit against Carter, Universal Music Group, Cash Money Records and Young Money Entertainment, claiming copyright infringement. The lawsuit alleges Carter stole the song `BedRock`, featured on the compilation album We Are Young Money, and seeks damages of $15 million.[306]In November 2012, Wayne was ordered to pay Quincy Jones III $2.2 million based on a lawsuit which stated that the rapper blocked the release of Jones`s film The Carter, therefore infringing on its profits.[307]FeudsJuvenileCarter began feuding with former Hot Boys member and Cash Money Records labelmate Juvenile in 2002, after Juvenile took offense to Carter naming his third studio album 500 Degreez, a diss aimed towards Juvenile whose last album was named 400 Degreez.[citation needed] Juvenile responded with a diss track on his 2002 album 600 Degreez, titled `A Hoe`. In the song, Juvenile questions Carter`s sexuality, and says he`s a fake gangster. The two squashed their beef for a short period in 2004, with Carter and Birdman appearing in the music video for Juvenile and Soulja Slim`s song, Slow Motion. Carter later paid tribute to the Hot Boys with a song called `I Miss My Dawgs` on 2004`s Tha Carter. Juvenile responded by calling the song `fake`, and criticized Carter for releasing a tribute song and later promoting the album on BET and having `nothing good to say about them`. The two eventually reconciled once again, and Juvenile re-signed with Cash Money Records in 2014.[308][309]Young BuckYoung Buck released a song called `Off Parole`, featuring Tony Yayo, which insulted Carter. Young Buck said that Carter could not be angry, because Young Buck spoke the truth. Young Buck also said `You think you got a problem with Juve and B.G.; you`ll have a true problem with me`, referring to the Cash Money-Juvenile/B.G feud.[310][311] One of the reasons 50 Cent stated he was dismissing Young Buck was what he called `inconsistent behavior` which included appearing on stage with Carter, then seemingly dissing him on records with G-Unit.[312] After he was dismissed, Young Buck appeared in the music video `My Life` by The Game, which featured Carter in the vocals.[313] As of 2009, Young Buck and Carter have squashed their beef and also linked up to record a track `Up`s and Down`s` for Young Buck`s Back On My Buck sh*t mixtape.Pusha TTension between Wayne and American rapper, Pusha T, had been going on for years, beginning soon after Clipse and Birdman worked on `What Happened to That Boy`, the latter`s 2002 single. In 2006, Wayne felt the Clipse song `Mr. Me Too` was directed at him which caused more tension between the two.[314] In 2012 after much speculation that Pusha T was subliminally dissing Canadian rapper and Wayne`s Young Money signee Drake in several songs, the speculation heightened after the release of Pusha T`s `Exodus 23:1` song. Lil Wayne quickly responded on online social networking service Twitter and later released a diss track titled `Goulish`. In the first verse Wayne raps `f*ck Pusha T and anybody that love him / His head up his ass, I`mma have to head-butt him`.[315] Pusha T called Wayne`s diss track `horrible` and said he felt it did not deserve a response. Both men have downplayed the feud, with Wayne saying he`s over it.[316][317] However, in November 2012, Pusha T dissed Wayne and Birdman on a new Ludacris song titled `Tell Me What They Mad For`.[318] However, once the feud between Lil Wayne and Birdman arose, Pusha T sent out a tweet encouraging Lil Wayne to sign to G.O.O.D. Music, which also insulted Birdman for his hand-rubbing habit.[319]Jay-ZIn a 2009 interview with Tropical TV, Birdman disputed the MTV poll that voted Jay-Z `The Hottest MC in the Game`, stating that Lil Wayne was a better rapper and made more money.[320] In early 2011, when Jay-Z and Kanye West`s single `H•A•M` was released, Jay-Z took shots at Birdman, saying `Really, you got Baby money` and `[you] ain`t got my lady`s money!`.[321] On August 24, 2011, a song called `It`s Good` by Lil Wayne (featuring Drake and Jadakiss) was leaked online and included Lil Wayne responding `Talkin` `bout baby money? I gotcha baby money. Kidnap your bitch, get that, How much you love your lady? money`.[322][323] Jadakiss later absolved himself of involvement in any brewing beef on his official Twitter feed.[324][325]DiscographyMain articles: Lil Wayne albums discography, Lil Wayne singles discography, and Lil Wayne videographySee also: Hot Boys discography and Young Money discographyLil Wayne`s general marketing logo, used since 2010Studio albumsTha Block Is Hot (1999)Lights Out (2000)500 Degreez (2002)Tha Carter (2004)Tha Carter II (2005)Tha Carter III (2008)Rebirth (2010)I Am Not a Human Being (2010)Tha Carter IV (2011)I Am Not a Human Being II (2013)Free Weezy Album (2015)Tha Carter V (2018)Funeral (2020)Tha Carter VI (TBA)Collaborative albums

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Odlično očuvanoStanje kao na slikamaMarshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), known professionally as Eminem (/ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/; often stylized as EMINƎM), is an American rapper, songwriter, and record producer. He is credited with popularizing hip hop in middle America and is widely considered as one of the greatest rappers of all time.[2] Eminem`s global success and acclaimed works are widely regarded as having broken racial barriers for the acceptance of white rappers in popular music. While much of his transgressive work during the late 1990s and early 2000s made him widely controversial, he came to be a representation of popular angst of the American underclass and has been cited as an influence for many artists of various genres.After the release of his debut album Infinite (1996) and the extended play Slim Shady EP (1997), Eminem signed with Dr. Dre`s Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP. His next two releases, The Marshall Mathers LP (2000) and The Eminem Show (2002), were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. After the release of his next album, Encore (2004), Eminem went on hiatus in 2005, largely due to a prescription drug addiction.[3] He returned to the music industry four years later with the release of Relapse (2009) and Recovery, which was released the following year. Recovery was the bestselling album worldwide of 2010, making it Eminem`s second album, after The Eminem Show in 2002, to be the best-selling album of the year worldwide. In the following years, he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (2013), Revival (2017), Kamikaze (2018) and Music to Be Murdered By (2020).Eminem`s well-known hits include `My Name Is`, `The Real Slim Shady`, `The Way I Am`, `Stan`, `Without Me`, `Mockingbird`, `Not Afraid`, `Love the Way You Lie`, `The Monster`, `River` and `Rap God`, which broke the Guinness World Record for the most words in a hit single, with 1,560 words. In addition to his solo career, Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12. He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5`9`; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil.Eminem made his debut in the film industry with the musical drama film 8 Mile (2002), playing a dramatized version of himself. `Lose Yourself`, a track from its soundtrack, topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 12 weeks, the most for a solo rap song, and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, making Eminem the first hip hop artist ever to win the award.[4] He has made cameo appearances in the films The Wash (2001), Funny People (2009) and The Interview (2014) and the television series Entourage (2010). Eminem has developed other ventures, including Shady Records, a joint venture with manager Paul Rosenberg, which helped launch the careers of artists such as 50 Cent, D12 and Obie Trice, among others. He has also established his own channel, Shade 45, on Sirius XM Radio.Eminem is among the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated worldwide sales of over 220 million records. He was the best-selling music artist in the United States of the 2000s and the bestselling male music artist in the United States of the 2010s, third overall. Billboard named him the `Artist of the Decade (2000–2009)`. He has had ten number-one albums on the Billboard 200—which all consecutively debuted at number one on the chart, making him the first artist to achieve this[5]—and five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100.[6] The Marshall Mathers LP, The Eminem Show, Curtain Call: The Hits (2005), `Lose Yourself`, `Love the Way You Lie` and `Not Afraid` have all been certified Diamond or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[7] Rolling Stone has included him in its lists of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. He has won numerous awards, including 15 Grammy Awards, eight American Music Awards, 17 Billboard Music Awards, an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award and an MTV Europe Music Global Icon Award. In November 2022, Eminem was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[8]Early lifeMathers was born on October 17, 1972, in St. Joseph, Missouri, the only child of Marshall Bruce Mathers Jr. and Deborah Rae `Debbie` (née Nelson).[9][10] He is of Scottish, Welsh, English, Cherokee,[b] German, Swiss, Polish, and possibly Luxembourgish ancestry.[13][11][14] His mother nearly died during her 73-hour labor with him.[15] Eminem`s parents were in a band called Daddy Warbucks, playing in Ramada Inns along the Dakotas–Montana border before they separated. His father abandoned his family when he was a year and a half old, and Marshall was raised only by his mother, Debbie, in poverty.[9] His mother later had a son named Nathan `Nate` Kane Samara.[16] At age twelve, he and his mother had moved several times and lived in several towns and cities in Missouri (including St. Joseph, Savannah, and Kansas City) before settling in Warren, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.[17] Eminem frequently fought with his mother, whom a social worker described as having a `very suspicious, almost paranoid personality`.[18] He wrote letters to his father, but Debbie said that they all came back marked `return to sender`.[19]Eminem lived near 8 Mile Road in Detroit.When he was a child, a bully named D`Angelo Bailey severely injured Eminem`s head in an assault,[20] an incident which Eminem later recounted (with comic exaggeration) on the song `Brain Damage`. Debbie filed a lawsuit against the public school for this in 1982. The suit was dismissed the following year by a Macomb County, Michigan judge, who said the schools were immune from lawsuits.[15] For much of his youth, Eminem and his mother lived in a working-class, primarily black, Detroit neighborhood. He and Debbie were one of three white households on their block, and Eminem was beaten several times by black youths.[19]Eminem was interested in storytelling, aspiring to be a comic book artist before discovering hip hop.[21] He heard his first rap song (`Reckless`, featuring Ice-T) on the Breakin` soundtrack, a gift from Debbie`s half-brother Ronnie Polkingharn. His uncle was close to the boy and later became a musical mentor to him. When Polkingharn committed suicide in 1991, Eminem stopped speaking publicly for days and did not attend his funeral.[19][22]At age 14, Eminem began rapping with high-school friend Mike Ruby; they adopted the names `Manix` and `M&M`, the latter evolving into `Eminem`.[22][15] Eminem sneaked into neighboring Osborn High School with friend and fellow rapper Proof for lunchroom freestyle rap battles.[23] On Saturdays, they attended open mic contests at the Hip-Hop Shop on West 7 Mile Road, considered `ground zero` for the Detroit rap scene.[19] Struggling to succeed in a predominantly black industry, Eminem was appreciated by underground hip hop audiences.[22][24][25] When he wrote verses, he wanted most of the words to rhyme; he wrote long words or phrases on paper and, underneath, worked on rhymes for each syllable. Although the words often made little sense, the drill helped Eminem practice sounds and rhymes.[26]In 1987, Debbie allowed runaway Kimberly Anne `Kim` Scott to stay at their home. Several years later, Eminem began an on-and-off relationship with Scott.[15] After spending three years in ninth grade due to truancy and poor grades,[27] he dropped out of Lincoln High School at age 17. Although interested in English, Eminem never explored literature (preferring comic books) and he disliked math and social studies.[26] Eminem worked at several jobs to help his mother pay the bills. One of the jobs he had was with Little Caesar`s Pizza in Warren, Michigan.[28] He later said she often threw him out of the house anyway, often after taking most of his paycheck. When she left to play bingo, he would blast the stereo and write songs.[19]Career1988–1997: Early career, Infinite and family strugglesIn 1988, he went by the stage name MC Double M and formed his first group New Jacks and made a self-titled demo tape with DJ Butter Fingers.[1][29][30] In 1989, they later joined Bassmint Productions who later changed their name to Soul Intent in 1992 with rapper Proof and other childhood friends.[31] They released a self-titled EP in 1995 featuring Proof.[22] Eminem also made his first music video appearance in 1992 in a song titled, `Do-Da-Dippity`, by Champtown. Later in 1996, Eminem and Proof teamed up with four other rappers to form The Dirty Dozen (D12), who released The Underground E.P. in 1997 and their first album Devil`s Night in 2001.[19] He was also affiliated with Newark`s rap collective Outsidaz, collaborating with them on different projects.Eminem was soon signed to Jeff and Mark Bass`s F.B.T. Productions and recorded his debut album Infinite for their independent Web Entertainment label.[32] The album was a commercial failure upon its release in 1996.[33] One lyrical subject of Infinite was his struggle to raise his newborn daughter, Hailie Jade Scott Mathers, on little money. During this period, Eminem`s rhyming style, primarily inspired by rappers Nas, Esham and AZ, lacked the comically violent slant for which he later became known.[34] Detroit disc jockeys largely ignored Infinite and the feedback Eminem did receive (`Why don`t you go into rock and roll?`) led him to craft angrier, moodier tracks.[19] At this time Eminem and Kim Scott lived in a crime-ridden neighborhood and their house was robbed several times.[19] Eminem cooked and washed dishes for minimum wage at Gilbert`s Lodge, a family-style restaurant at St. Clair Shores.[35] His former boss described him as becoming a model employee, as he worked 60 hours a week for six months after Hailie`s birth.[15] He was fired shortly before Christmas and later said, `It was, like, five days before Christmas, which is Hailie`s birthday. I had, like, forty dollars to get her something.`[19] After the release of Infinite, his personal problems and substance abuse culminated in a suicide attempt.[22] By March 1997 he was fired from Gilbert`s Lodge for the last time and lived in his mother`s mobile home with Kim and Hailie.[15]1997–1999: Introduction of Slim Shady, The Slim Shady LP and rise to successEminem and Proof performing in 1999Eminem attracted more attention when he developed Slim Shady, a sad*stic, violent alter ego. The character allowed him to express his anger with lyrics about drugs, rape and murder.[15] In the spring of 1997 he recorded his debut EP, the Slim Shady EP, which was released that winter by Web Entertainment.[19] The EP, with frequent references to drug use, sexual acts, mental instability and violence, also explored the more-serious themes of dealing with poverty and marital and family difficulties and revealed his direct, self-deprecating response to criticism.[22] Hip hop magazine The Source featured Eminem in its `Unsigned Hype` column in March 1998.[36]After he was fired from his job and evicted from his home, Eminem went to Los Angeles to compete in the 1997 Rap Olympics, an annual, nationwide battle rap competition. He placed second and an Interscope Records intern in attendance called Dean Geistlinger asked Eminem for a copy of the Slim Shady EP, which was then sent to company CEO Jimmy Iovine.[37] Iovine played the tape for record producer Dr. Dre, founder of Aftermath Entertainment and founding member of hip hop group N.W.A. Dre recalled, `In my entire career in the music industry, I have never found anything from a demo tape or a CD. When Jimmy played this, I said, `Find him. Now.`` He would later state on the fourth and last episode of The Defiant Ones, `I was like: what the f*ck!?, and who the f*ck is that?` expressing his shock towards Mathers` rapping talent. Although his associates criticized him for hiring a white rapper, he was confident in his decision: `I don`t give a f*ck if you`re purple; if you can kick it, I`m working with you.`[19] Eminem had idolized Dre since listening to N.W.A as a teenager and was nervous about working with him on an album: `I didn`t want to be starstruck or kiss his ass too much ... I`m just a little white boy from Detroit. I had never seen stars let alone Dr. Dre.`[38] He became more comfortable working with Dre after a series of productive recording sessions.[39]Eminem released The Slim Shady LP in February 1999. Although it was one of the year`s most popular albums (certified triple platinum by the end of the year),[40] he was accused of imitating the style and subject matter of underground rapper Cage.[41][42] The album`s popularity was accompanied by controversy over its lyrics; in ``97 Bonnie & Clyde` Eminem describes a trip with his infant daughter when he disposes of his wife`s body and in `Guilty Conscience` which encourages a man to murder his wife and her lover. `Guilty Conscience` marked the beginning of a friendship and musical bond between Dr. Dre and Eminem. The label-mates later collaborated on a number of hit songs (`Forgot About Dre` and `What`s the Difference` while also providing uncredited vocals on `The Watcher` from Dr. Dre`s album 2001, `Bitch Please II` from The Marshall Mathers LP, `Say What You Say` from The Eminem Show, `Encore/Curtains Down` from Encore and `Old Time`s Sake` and `Crack a Bottle` from Relapse) and Dre made at least one guest appearance on each of Eminem`s Aftermath albums.[43] The Slim Shady LP has been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA.[44]1999–2003: The Marshall Mathers LP and The Eminem ShowEminem at the ARCO Arena for the Up in Smoke Tour in June 2000After Eminem released The Slim Shady LP, he started his own record label, Shady Records, in late 1999. Eminem looked for an avenue to release D12, and his manager Paul Rosenberg was keen to start a label, which led to the two teaming up to form Shady.[45] Its A&R Marc Labelle has defined the record label as `a boutique label but [with] all the outlets of a major [and] Interscope backing up our every move.`[46]Recorded from 1999 to 2000,[47] The Marshall Mathers LP was released in May 2000. It sold 1.76 million copies in its first week, breaking US records held by Snoop Dogg`s Doggystyle for fastest-selling hip hop album and Britney Spears` ...Baby One More Time for fastest-selling solo album.[48][49] The first single from the album, `The Real Slim Shady`, was a success despite controversies about Eminem`s insults and dubious claims about celebrities (for example, that Christina Aguilera had performed oral sex on Carson Daly and Fred Durst).[50] In his second single, `The Way I Am`, he reveals the pressure from his record company to top `My Name Is`. Although Eminem parodied shock rocker Marilyn Manson in the music video for `My Name Is`, they are reportedly on good terms; Manson is mentioned in `The Way I Am`, appeared in its music video and has performed a live remix of the song with Eminem.[51] In the third single, `Stan` (which samples Dido`s `Thank You`), Eminem tries to deal with his new fame, assuming the persona of a deranged fan who kills himself and his pregnant girlfriend (mirroring ``97 Bonnie & Clyde` from The Slim Shady LP).[24] The music magazine Q called `Stan` the third-greatest rap song of all time,[52] and it was ranked tenth in a Top40-Charts.com survey.[53] The song has since been ranked 296th on Rolling Stone`s `500 Greatest Songs of All Time` list.[54] In July 2000, Eminem was the first white artist to appear on the cover of The Source.[36] The Marshall Mathers LP was certified Diamond by the RIAA in March 2011 and sold 21 million copies worldwide.[55] In 2000 Eminem also appeared in the Up in Smoke Tour with rappers Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit and Ice Cube[56] and the Family Values Tour with Limp Bizkit,[57] headlining the Anger Management Tour with Papa Roach, Ludacris and Xzibit.Eminem performed with Elton John at the 43rd Grammy Awards ceremony in 2001,[58] with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD, an organization which considered Eminem`s lyrics hom*ophobic) condemning John`s decision to perform with Eminem.[59] Entertainment Weekly placed the appearance on its end-of-decade `best-of` list: `It was the hug heard `round the world. Eminem, under fire for hom*ophobic lyrics, shared the stage with a gay icon for a performance of `Stan` that would have been memorable in any context.`[60] On February 21, the day of the awards ceremony, GLAAD held a protest outside the Staples Center (the ceremony`s venue).[61] Eminem was also the only guest artist to appear on fellow rapper Jay-Z`s critically acclaimed album The Blueprint, producing and rapping on the song `Renegade`.[62]The Eminem Show was released in May 2002. It was another success, reaching number one on the charts and selling over 1.332 million copies during its first full week.[40] The album`s single, `Without Me`, denigrates boy bands, Limp Bizkit, Dick and Lynne Cheney, Moby and others. The Eminem Show, certified Diamond by the RIAA, examines the effects of Eminem`s rise to fame, his relationship with his wife and daughter and his status in the hip hop community, addressing an assault charge brought by a bouncer he saw kissing his wife in 2000. Although several tracks are clearly angry, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic found The Eminem Show less inflammatory than The Marshall Mathers LP.[63] L. Brent Bozell III, who had criticized The Marshall Mathers LP for misogynistic lyrics, noted The Eminem Show`s extensive use of obscenity and called Eminem `Eminef` for the prevalence of the word `motherf*cker` on the album.[64] The Eminem Show sold 27 million copies worldwide[55] and was the bestselling album of 2002.2003–2007: Production work, Encore and musical hiatusEminem on the Anger Management Tour in 2003In 2003, Eminem, a lifelong fan of Tupac,[65] provided production work for three tracks on the Tupac Resurrection soundtrack.[66] He would follow this up the next year by producing 12 of the 16 tracks on Tupac`s Loyal to the Game album.[66] On December 8, 2003, the United States Secret Service said that it was `looking into` allegations that Eminem had threatened the President of the United States.[67] The cause for concern was the lyrics of `We As Americans` (`f*ck money / I don`t rap for dead presidents / I`d rather see the president dead / It`s never been said, but I set precedents`), which was later released on a bonus CD with the deluxe edition of Encore.[68]Encore, released in 2004, was another success, but not as successful as his previous albums. Its sales were partially driven by the first single, `Just Lose It`, which contained slurs directed toward Michael Jackson. On October 12, 2004, a week after the release of `Just Lose It`, Jackson phoned Steve Harvey`s radio show, The Steve Harvey Morning Show, to report his displeasure with its video (which parodies Jackson`s child molestation trial, plastic surgery and the 1984 incident when Jackson`s hair caught fire during the filming of a commercial). In the song, Eminem says, `That`s not a stab at Michael / That`s just a metaphor / I`m just psycho.` Many of Jackson`s friends and supporters spoke out against the video, including Stevie Wonder, who described it as `kicking a man while he`s down` and `bullsh*t`,[69] and Steve Harvey (who said, `Eminem has lost his ghetto pass. We want the pass back`).[69] The video also parodied Pee-wee Herman, MC Hammer and Madonna during her Blond Ambition period.[70] `Weird Al` Yankovic, who parodied the Eminem song `Lose Yourself` on `Couch Potato` for his 2003 album Poodle Hat, told the Chicago Sun-Times about Jackson`s protest: `Last year, Eminem forced me to halt production on the video for my `Lose Yourself` parody because he somehow thought that it would be harmful to his image or career. So the irony of this situation with Michael is not lost on me.`[71] Although Black Entertainment Television stopped playing the video, MTV announced that it would continue to air it. The Source, through CEO Raymond `Benzino` Scott, called for the video to be pulled, the song removed from the album and Eminem to apologize publicly to Jackson.[72] In 2007, Jackson and Sony bought Famous Music from Viacom, giving him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira, Beck and others.[73]Despite its lead single`s humorous theme, Encore explored serious subject matter with the anti-war song `Mosh`, which criticized President George W. Bush as `This weapon of mass destruction that we call our president`, with lyrics including `f*ck Bush.`[74] On October 25, 2004, a week before the 2004 US Presidential election, Eminem released the video for `Mosh` on the Internet.[75] In it, Eminem gathers an army (including rapper Lloyd Banks) of Bush-administration victims and leads them to the White House. When they break in, it is learned that they are there to register to vote; the video ends with `VOTE Tuesday November 2.` After Bush`s reelection, the video`s ending was changed to Eminem and the protesters invading the White House during a speech by the president.[76] Also in 2004 Eminem launched a satellite music channel, Shade 45, on Sirius radio,[77] which was described by his manager as `essentially a destination to get and hear things that other people aren`t playing.`[78]Eminem began his first US concert tour in three years in the summer of 2005 with the Anger Management 3 Tour, featuring 50 Cent, G-Unit, Lil Jon, D12, Obie Trice and the Alchemist, but in August he canceled the European leg of the tour, later announcing that he had entered drug rehabilitation for treatment of a `dependency on sleep medication`.[79] Meanwhile, industry insiders speculated that Eminem was considering retirement, while rumors circulated that a double album titled The Funeral would be released.[80] In July, the Detroit Free Press reported a possible final bow for Eminem as a solo performer, quoting members of his inner circle as saying that he would embrace the roles of producer and label executive.[81] A greatest hits album, Curtain Call: The Hits, was released on December 6, 2005, by Aftermath Entertainment,[82] and sold nearly 441,000 copies in the US in its first week, marking Eminem`s fourth consecutive number-one album on the Billboard Hot 200,[83] and was certified double platinum by the RIAA.[84] However, Eminem suggested that month on WKQI`s `Mojo in the Morning` show that he would be taking a break as an artist: `I`m at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don`t know where my career is going ... This is the reason that we called it `Curtain Call` because this could be the final thing. We don`t know.`[85]Proof`s (left) death in 2006 was one of the factors that caused Eminem to fall into depression during his five-year hiatus.[86]In April 2006, Proof, who was Eminem`s childhood friend, was murdered.[87] Eight months later, Eminem released a compilation album titled Eminem Presents: The Re-Up that featured Proof and other Shady Records artists.2007–2009: Comeback and RelapseIn September 2007, Eminem called New York radio station WQHT during an interview with 50 Cent, saying that he was `in limbo` and `debating` about when (or if) he would release another album: `I`m always working – I`m always in the studio. It feels good right now, the energy of the label. For a while, I didn`t want to go back to the studio ... I went through some personal things. I`m coming out of those personal things [and] it feels good.`[88]Eminem appeared on his Shade 45 Sirius channel in September 2008, saying: `Right now I`m kinda just concentrating on my own stuff, for right now and just banging out tracks and producing a lot of stuff. You know, the more I keep producing the better it seems like I get `cause I just start knowing stuff.`[89] Interscope confirmed that a new album[90] would be released in spring 2009.[91] In December 2008, Eminem provided more details about the album, entitled Relapse: `Me and Dre are back in the lab like the old days, man. Dre will end up producing the majority of the tracks on `Relapse`. We are up to our old mischievous ways ... let`s just leave it at that.`[92]According to a March 5, 2009, press release, Eminem would release two new albums that year. Relapse, the first, was released on May 19; its first single and music video, `We Made You`, had been released on April 7.[93] Although Relapse did not sell as well as Eminem`s previous albums and received mixed reviews, it was a commercial success and re-established his presence in the hip hop world. It sold more than five million copies worldwide.[94] During the 2009 MTV Movie Awards, Sacha Baron Cohen descended on the audience in an angel costume. He landed buttocks-first on Eminem, who stormed out of the ceremony; three days later, Eminem said that the stunt had been staged.[95] On October 30 he headlined at the Voodoo Experience in New Orleans, his first full performance of the year.[96] Eminem`s act included several songs from Relapse, many of his older hits and an appearance by D12. On November 19, he announced on his website that Relapse: Refill would be released on December 21. The album was a re-release of Relapse with seven bonus tracks, including `Forever` and `Taking My Ball`. Eminem described the CD:I want to deliver more material for the fans this year like I originally planned ... Hopefully, these tracks on The Refill will tide the fans over until we put out Relapse 2 next year ... I got back in with Dre and then a few more producers, including Just Blaze, and went in a completely different direction which made me start from scratch. The new tracks started to sound very different than the tracks I originally intended to be on Relapse 2, but I still want the other stuff to be heard.[97]

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OdličnoNil JangBiografijaNeil Percival Young OC OM[1][2] (born November 12, 1945) is a Canadian and American[3] singer and songwriter. After embarking on a music career in Winnipeg in the 1960s, Young moved to Los Angeles, joining the folk-rock group Buffalo Springfield. Since the beginning of his solo career, often with backing by the band Crazy Horse, he has released critically acclaimed albums such as Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969), After the Gold Rush (1970), Harvest (1972), On the Beach (1974), and Rust Never Sleeps (1979). He was also a part-time member of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, with whom he recorded the chart-topping 1970 album Déjà Vu.His guitar work, deeply personal lyrics[4][5][6] and signature high tenor singing voice[7][8] define his long career. Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums, which frequently combine folk, rock, country and other musical genres. His often distorted electric guitar playing, especially with Crazy Horse, earned him the nickname `Godfather of Grunge`[9] and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam. More recently he has been backed by Promise of the Real.[10]Young directed (or co-directed) films using the pseudonym `Bernard Shakey`, including Journey Through the Past (1973), Rust Never Sleeps (1979), Human Highway (1982), Greendale (2003), CSNY/Déjà Vu (2008), and Harvest Time (2022). He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia (1993) and Dead Man (1995).Young has received several Grammy and Juno Awards. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice: in 1995 as a solo artist and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield.[11] In 2023, Rolling Stone named Young No. 30 on their list of 250 greatest guitarists of all time.[12] Young is also on Rolling Stone`s list of the 100 greatest musical artists. 21 of his albums and singles have been certified Gold and Platinum in U.S. by RIAA certification.[13] Young was awarded the Order of Manitoba in 2006[2] and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2009.[1]Early life (1945–1963)[edit]Neil Young[14] was born on November 12, 1945, in Toronto, Canada.[15][16] His father, Scott Alexander Young (1918–2005), was a journalist and sportswriter who also wrote fiction.[17] His mother, Edna Blow Ragland `Rassy` Young (1918–1990) was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.[18] Although Canadian, his mother had American and French ancestry.[19] Young`s parents married in 1940 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and moved to Toronto shortly thereafter where their first son, Robert `Bob` Young, was born in 1942.Shortly after Young`s birth in 1945, the family moved to rural Omemee, Ontario, which Young later described fondly as a `sleepy little place`.[20] Young contracted polio in the late summer of 1951 during the last major outbreak of the disease in Ontario, and as a result, became partially paralyzed on his left side.[21] After the conclusion of his hospitalization, the Young family wintered in Florida, whose milder weather they believed would help Neil`s convalescence.[22] During that period, Young briefly attended Faulkner Elementary School in New Smyrna Beach, Florida. In 1952, upon returning to Canada, Young moved from Omemee to Pickering (1956), and lived for a year in Winnipeg (where he would later return), before relocating to Toronto (1957–1960). While in Toronto, Young briefly attended Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute as a first year student in 1959.[23] It is rumoured that he was expelled for riding a motorcycle down the hall of the school.[24]Young became interested in popular music he heard on the radio.[25] When Young was twelve, his father, who had had several extramarital affairs, left his mother. She asked for a divorce, which was granted in 1960.[26] She moved back to Winnipeg and Young went to live with her there, while his brother Bob stayed with their father in Toronto.[27]During the mid-1950s, Young listened to rock `n roll, rockabilly, doo-wop, R&B, country, and western pop. He idolized Elvis Presley and later referred to him in a number of his songs.[28] Other early musical influences included Link Wray,[29] Lonnie Mack,[30] Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, The Ventures, Cliff Richard and the Shadows,[31] Chuck Berry, Hank Marvin, Little Richard, Fats Domino, The Chantels, The Monotones, Ronnie Self, the Fleetwoods, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison and Gogi Grant.[32] Young began to play music himself on a plastic ukulele, before, as he would later relate, going on to `a better ukulele to a banjo ukulele to a baritone ukulele – everything but a guitar.`[33]Career[edit]Early career (1963–1966)[edit]Young and his mother settled into the working-class area of Fort Rouge, Winnipeg, where he enrolled at Earl Grey Junior High School. It was there that he formed his first band, the Jades, and met Ken Koblun. While attending Kelvin High School in Winnipeg, he played in several instrumental rock bands, eventually dropping out of school in favour of a musical career.[34] Young`s first stable band was the Squires, with Ken Koblun, Jeff Wuckert and Bill Edmondson on drums, who had a local hit called `The Sultan`. Over a three-year period the band played hundreds of shows at community centres, dance halls, clubs and schools in Winnipeg and other parts of Manitoba. The band also played in Fort William (now part of the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario), where they recorded a series of demos produced by a local producer, Ray Dee, whom Young called `the original Briggs,` referring to his later producer David Briggs.[35] While playing at The Flamingo, Young met Stephen Stills, whose band The Company was playing the same venue, and they became friends.[36] The Squires primarily performed in Winnipeg and rural Manitoba in towns such as Selkirk, Neepawa, Brandon and Giroux (near Steinbach), with a few shows in northern Ontario.[37]After leaving the Squires, Young worked folk clubs in Winnipeg, where he first met Joni Mitchell.[38] Mitchell recalls Young as having been highly influenced by Bob Dylan at the time.[39] Young said Phil Ochs was `a big influence on me,` telling a radio station in 1969 that Ochs was `on the same level with Dylan in my eyes.`[40] Here he wrote some of his earliest and most enduring folk songs such as `Sugar Mountain`, about lost youth. Mitchell wrote `The Circle Game` in response.[41] The Winnipeg band The Guess Who (with Randy Bachman as lead guitarist) had a Canadian Top 40 hit with Young`s `Flying on the Ground is Wrong`, which was Young`s first major success as a songwriter.[42]In 1965, Young toured Canada as a solo artist. In 1966, while in Toronto, he joined the Rick James-fronted Mynah Birds. The band managed to secure a record deal with the Motown label, but as their first album was being recorded, James was arrested for being AWOL from the Navy Reserve.[43] After the Mynah Birds disbanded, Young and the bass player Bruce Palmer decided to pawn the group`s musical equipment and buy a Pontiac hearse, which they used to relocate to Los Angeles.[44] Young admitted in a 2009 interview that he was in the United States illegally until he received a `green card` (permanent residency permit) in 1970.[45]Buffalo Springfield (1966–1968)[edit]Main article: Buffalo SpringfieldOnce they reached Los Angeles, Young and Palmer met up with Stephen Stills and Richie Furay after a chance encounter in traffic on Sunset Boulevard.[44] Along with Dewey Martin, they formed Buffalo Springfield. A mixture of folk, country, psychedelia, and rock, lent a hard edge by the twin lead guitars of Stills and Young, made Buffalo Springfield a critical success, and their first record Buffalo Springfield (1966) sold well after Stills` topical song `For What It`s Worth` became a hit, aided by Young`s melodic harmonics played on electric guitar. According to Rolling Stone, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and other sources, Buffalo Springfield helped create the genres of folk rock and country rock.[46][47]Distrust of their management, as well as the arrest and deportation of Palmer, worsened the already strained relations among the group members and led to Buffalo Springfield`s demise. A second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, was released in late 1967, but two of Young`s three contributions were solo tracks recorded apart from the rest of the group. From that album, `Mr. Soul` was the only Young song of the three that all five members of the group performed together.[citation needed]In May 1968, the band split up for good, but to fulfill a contractual obligation, a final studio album, Last Time Around, was released. Young contributed the songs `On the Way Home` and `I Am a Child`, singing lead on the latter.[citation needed]In 1997, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; Young did not appear at the ceremony, writing in a letter to the Hall that their presentation, which was aired on VH1, `has nothing to do with the spirit of Rock and Roll. It has everything to do with making money.`[48]Young played as a studio session guitarist for some 1968 recordings by The Monkees which appeared on the Head and Instant Replay albums.[49]Going solo, Crazy Horse (1968–1969)[edit]Main article: Crazy Horse (band)After the breakup of Buffalo Springfield, Young signed a solo deal with Reprise Records, home of his colleague and friend Joni Mitchell, with whom he shared a manager, Elliot Roberts. Roberts managed Young until Roberts` death in 2019. Young and Roberts immediately began work on Young`s first solo record, Neil Young (January 22, 1969),[50] which received mixed reviews. In a 1970 interview,[51] Young deprecated the album as being `overdubbed rather than played.`For his next album, Young recruited three musicians from a band called the Rockets: Danny Whitten on guitar, Billy Talbot on bass guitar, and Ralph Molina on drums. These three took the name Crazy Horse (after the historical figure of the same name), and Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (May 1969) is credited to `Neil Young with Crazy Horse`. Recorded in just two weeks, the album includes `Cinnamon Girl`, `Cowgirl in the Sand`, and `Down by the River`. Young reportedly wrote all three songs in bed on the same day while nursing a high fever of 39 °C (102 °F).[52]Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young (1969–1970)[edit]Main article: Crosby, Stills, Nash & YoungShortly after the release of Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, Young reunited with Stephen Stills by joining Crosby, Stills & Nash, who had already released one album Crosby, Stills & Nash as a trio in May 1969. Young was originally offered a position as a sideman, but agreed to join only if he received full membership, and the group – winners of the 1969 Best New Artist Grammy Award – was renamed Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.[53] The quartet debuted in Chicago on August 16, 1969, and later performed at the famous Woodstock Festival, during which Young skipped the majority of the acoustic set and refused to be filmed during the electric set, even telling the cameramen: `One of you f*ckin` guys comes near me and I`m gonna f*ckin` hit you with my guitar`.[54] During the making of their first album, Déjà Vu (March 11, 1970), the musicians frequently argued, particularly Young and Stills, who both fought for control. Stills continued throughout their lifelong relationship to criticize Young, saying that he `wanted to play folk music in a rock band.`[55] Despite the tension, Young`s tenure with CSNY coincided with the band`s most creative and successful period, and greatly contributed to his subsequent success as a solo artist.[citation needed]Young wrote `Ohio` following the Kent State massacre on May 4, 1970. The song was quickly recorded by CSNY and immediately released as a single, even though CSNY`s `Teach Your Children` was still climbing the singles charts.[citation needed]After the Gold Rush, acoustic tour and Harvest (1970–1972)[edit]Later in the year, Young released his third solo album, After the Gold Rush (August 31, 1970), which featured, among others, Nils Lofgren, Stephen Stills, and CSNY bassist Greg Reeves. Young also recorded some tracks with Crazy Horse, but dismissed them early in the sessions. The eventual recording was less amplified than Everybody Knows This is Nowhere, with a wider range of sounds. Young`s newfound fame with CSNY made the album his commercial breakthrough as a solo artist, and it contains some of his best known work, including `Tell Me Why` and `Don`t Let It Bring You Down`; the singles `Only Love Can Break Your Heart` and `When You Dance I Can Really Love`; and the title track, `After the Gold Rush`, played on piano, with dreamlike lyrics that ran a gamut of subjects from drugs and interpersonal relationships to environmental concerns. Young`s bitter condemnation of racism in the heavy blues-rock song `Southern Man` (along with a later song entitled `Alabama`) was also controversial with southerners in an era of desegregation, prompting Lynyrd Skynyrd to decry Young by name in the lyrics to their hit `Sweet Home Alabama`. However, Young said he was a fan of Skynyrd`s music, and the band`s front man Ronnie Van Zant was later photographed wearing a Tonight`s the Night T-shirt on the cover of an album.[1]Young in the 1970sIn the autumn of 1970, Young began a solo acoustic tour of North America, during which he played a variety of his Buffalo Springfield and CSNY songs on guitar and piano, along with material from his solo albums and a number of new songs. Some songs premiered by Young on the tour, like `Journey through the Past`, would never find a home on a studio album, while other songs, like `See the Sky About to Rain`, would only be released in coming years. Many gigs were sold out, including concerts at Carnegie Hall and a pair of acclaimed hometown shows at Toronto`s Massey Hall, which were taped for a planned live album. The shows became legendary among Young fans, and the recordings were officially released nearly 40 years later as an official bootleg in Young`s Archive series.[citation needed]Near the end of his tour, Young performed one of the new acoustic songs on the Johnny Cash TV show. `The Needle and the Damage Done`, a somber lament on the pain caused by heroin addiction, had been inspired in part by Crazy Horse member Danny Whitten, who eventually died while battling his drug problems.[56][57] While in Nashville for the Cash taping, Young accepted the invitation of Quadrafonic Sound Studios owner Elliot Mazer to record tracks there with a group of country-music session musicians who were pulled together at the last minute. Making a connection with them, he christened them The Stray Gators, and began playing with them. Befitting the immediacy of the project, Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor were brought in from the Cash taping to do background vocals. Against the advice of his producer David Briggs, he scrapped plans for the imminent release[58] of the live acoustic recording in favor of a studio album consisting of the Nashville sessions, electric-guitar oriented sessions recorded later in his barn, and two recordings made with the London Symphony Orchestra at Barking (credited as Barking Town Hall and now the Broadway Theatre) during March 1971.[59] The result was Young`s fourth album, Harvest (February 14, 1972), which was also the best selling album of 1972 in the US.[60]After his success with CSNY, Young purchased a ranch in the rural hills above Woodside and Redwood City in Northern California (`Broken Arrow Ranch`, where he lived until his divorce in 2014).[61] He wrote the song `Old Man` in honor of the land`s longtime caretaker, Louis Avila. The song `A Man Needs a Maid` was inspired by his relationship with actress Carrie Snodgress. `Heart of Gold` was released as the first single from Harvest, the only No. 1 hit in his career.[62] `Old Man` was also popular, reaching No. 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, marking Young`s third and final appearance in the chart`s Top 40 as a solo artist.[62]The album`s recording had been almost accidental. Its mainstream success caught Young off guard, and his first instinct was to back away from stardom. In the Decade (1977) compilation, Young chose to include his greatest hits from the period, but his handwritten liner notes famously described `Heart of Gold` as the song that `put me in the middle of the road. Traveling there soon became a bore, so I headed for the ditch. A rougher ride but I saw more interesting people there.`[63]The `Ditch` Trilogy and personal struggles (1972–1974)[edit]Although a new tour with The Stray Gators (now augmented by Danny Whitten) had been planned to follow up on the success of Harvest, it became apparent during rehearsals that Whitten could not function due to drug abuse. On November 18, 1972, shortly after he was fired from the tour preparations, Whitten was found dead of an apparent alcohol/diazepam overdose. Young described the incident to Rolling Stone`s Cameron Crowe in 1975: `[We] were rehearsing with him and he just couldn`t cut it. He couldn`t remember anything. He was too out of it. Too far gone. I had to tell him to go back to L.A. `It`s not happening, man. You`re not together enough.` He just said, `I`ve got nowhere else to go, man. How am I gonna tell my friends?` And he split. That night the coroner called me from L.A. and told me he`d OD`d. That blew my mind. I loved Danny. I felt responsible. And from there, I had to go right out on this huge tour of huge arenas. I was very nervous and ... insecure.`[45]On the tour, Young struggled with his voice and the performance of drummer Kenny Buttrey, a noted Nashville session musician who was unaccustomed to performing in the hard rock milieu; Buttrey was eventually replaced by former CSNY drummer Johnny Barbata, while David Crosby and Graham Nash contributed rhythm guitar and backing vocals to the final dates of the tour. The album assembled in the aftermath of this incident, Time Fades Away (October 15, 1973), has often been described by Young as `[his] least favorite record`, and was not officially released on CD until 2017 (as part of Young`s Official Release Series). Nevertheless, Young and his band tried several new musical approaches in this period. Time Fades Away, for instance, was recorded live, although it was an album of new material, an approach Young would repeat with more success later on. Time was the first of three consecutive commercial failures which would later become known collectively to fans as the `Ditch Trilogy`, as contrasted with the more middle-of-the-road pop of Harvest.[64] -Young in Austin, Texas, on November 9, 1976In the second half of 1973, Young formed The Santa Monica Flyers, with Crazy Horse`s rhythm section augmented by Nils Lofgren on guitar and piano and Harvest/Time Fades Away veteran Ben Keith on pedal steel guitar. Deeply affected by the drug-induced deaths of Whitten and roadie Bruce Berry, Young recorded an album specifically inspired by the incidents, Tonight`s the Night (June 20, 1975). The album`s dark tone and rawness led Reprise to delay its release and Young had to pressure them for two years before they would do so.[65] While his record company was stalling, Young recorded another album, On the Beach (July 16, 1974), which presented a more melodic, acoustic sound at times, including a recording of the older song `See the Sky About to Rain`, but dealt with similarly dark themes such as the collapse of 1960s folk ideals, the downside of success and the underbelly of the Californian lifestyle. Like Time Fades Away, it sold poorly but eventually became a critical favorite, presenting some of Young`s most original work. A review of the 2003 re-release on CD of On the Beach described the music as `mesmerizing, harrowing, lucid, and bleary`.[66]After completing On the Beach, Young reunited with Harvest producer Elliot Mazer to record another acoustic album, Homegrown. Most of the songs were written after Young`s breakup with Carrie Snodgress, and thus the tone of the album was somewhat dark. Though Homegrown was reportedly entirely complete, Young decided, not for the first or last time in his career, to drop it and release something else instead, in this case, Tonight`s the Night, at the suggestion of Band bassist Rick Danko.[67] Young further explained his move by saying: `It was a little too personal ... it scared me`.[67] Most of the songs from Homegrown were later incorporated into other Young albums while the original album was not released until 2020. Tonight`s the Night, when finally released in 1975, sold poorly, as had the previous albums of the `ditch` trilogy, and received mixed reviews at the time, but is now regarded as a landmark album. In Young`s own opinion, it was the closest he ever came to art.[68]Reunions, retrospectives and Rust Never Sleeps (1974–1979)[edit]Young reunited with Crosby, Stills, and Nash after a four-year hiatus in the summer of 1974 for a concert tour which was partially recorded; highlights were ultimately released in 2014 as CSNY 1974. It was one of the first ever stadium tours, and the largest tour in which Young has participated to date.[69]In 1975, Young reformed Crazy Horse with Frank Sampedro on guitar as his backup band for his eighth album, Zuma (November 10, 1975). Many of the songs dealt with the theme of failed relationships; `Cortez the Killer`, a retelling of the Spanish conquest of Mexico from the viewpoint of the Aztecs, may also be heard as an allegory of love lost. Zuma`s closing track, `Through My Sails`, was the only released fragment from aborted sessions with Crosby, Stills and Nash for another group album.[citation needed]In 1976, Young reunited with Stephen Stills for the album Long May You Run (September 20, 1976), credited to The Stills-Young Band; the follow-up tour was ended midway through by Young, who sent Stills a telegram that read: `Funny how some things that start spontaneously end that way. Eat a peach, Neil.`[70]The Last Waltz, Young (center on left microphone) performing with Bob Dylan and The Band, among others in 1976In 1976, Young performed with Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, and numerous other rock musicians in the high-profile all-star concert The Last Waltz, the final performance by The Band. The release of Martin Scorsese`s movie of the concert was delayed while Scorsese unwillingly re-edited it to obscure the lump of cocaine that was clearly visible hanging from Young`s nose during his performance of `Helpless`.[71] American Stars `n Bars (June 13, 1977) contained two songs originally recorded for the Homegrown album, `Homegrown` and `Star of Bethlehem`, as well as newer material, including the future concert staple `Like a Hurricane`. Performers on the record included Linda Ronstadt, Emmylou Harris and Young protégé Nicolette Larson along with Crazy Horse. In 1977, Young also released the compilation Decade, a personally selected set of songs spanning every aspect of his work, including a handful of previously unreleased songs. The record included less commercial album tracks alongside radio hits.[citation needed]In June 1977 Young joined with Jeff Blackburn, Bob Mosley and John Craviotto (who later founded Craviotto drums) to form a band called The Ducks. Over a 7-week period the band performed 22 shows in Santa Cruz CA but were not allowed to appear beyond city limits due to Young`s Crazy Horse contract. In April 2023 Young officially released a double album of songs culled from the band`s performances at multiple venues as well as from sessions at a local recording studio. The double album was part of the Neil Young Archives project positioned within the Official Bootleg Series, titled High Flyin`.Comes a Time (October 2, 1978), Young`s first entirely new solo recording since the mid-1970s, marked a return to the commercially accessible, Nashville-inspired sound of Harvest while also featuring contributions from Larson and Crazy Horse. The album also marked a return to his folk roots, as exemplified by a cover of Ian Tyson`s `Four Strong Winds`, a song Young associated with his childhood in Canada. Another of the album`s songs, `Lotta Love`, was also recorded by Larson, with her version reaching No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1979. In 1978, much of the filming was done for Young`s film Human Highway, which took its name from a song featured on Comes a Time. Over four years, Young would spend US$3,000,000 of his own money on production (US$14,014,286 in 2023 dollars[72]). This also marked the beginning of his brief collaboration with the art punk band Devo, whose members appeared in the film.[73]Young set out in 1978 on the lengthy Rust Never Sleeps tour, in which he played a wealth of new material. Each concert was divided into a solo acoustic set and an electric set with Crazy Horse. The electric sets, featuring an abrasive style of playing, were influenced by the punk rock zeitgeist of the late 1970s and provided a stark contrast from Comes a Time.[74] Two new songs, the acoustic `My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)` and electric `Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)` were the centerpiece of the new material. During the filming of Human Highway, Young had collaborated with Devo on a cacophonous version of `Hey Hey, My My` at the Different Fur studio in San Francisco and would later introduce the song to Crazy Horse.[75] The lyric `It`s better to burn out than to fade away` was widely quoted by his peers and by critics.[75] The album has also widely been considered a precursor of grunge music with the bands Nirvana and Pearl Jam having cited Young`s heavily distorted and abrasive guitar style on the B side to this album as an inspiration.[76] Young also compared the rise of Johnny Rotten with that of the recently deceased `King` Elvis Presley, who himself had once been disparaged as a dangerous influence only to later become an icon. Rotten returned the favor by playing one of Young`s songs, `Revolution Blues` from On the Beach, on a London radio show, an early sign of Young`s eventual embrace by a number of punk-influenced alternative musicians.[77]Young`s two accompanying albums Rust Never Sleeps (July 2, 1979; new material culled from live recordings, but featuring studio overdubs) and Live Rust (November 19, 1979; a genuine concert recording featuring old and new material) captured the two sides of the concerts, with solo acoustic songs on side A, and fierce, uptempo, electric songs on side B. A movie version of the concerts, also called Rust Never Sleeps (1979), was directed by Young under the pseudonym `Bernard Shakey`. Young worked with rock artist Jim Evans to create the poster art for the film, using the Star Wars Jawas as a theme. Young`s work since Harvest had alternated between being rejected by mass audiences and being seen as backward-looking by critics, sometimes both at once, and now he was suddenly viewed as relevant by a new generation, who began to discover his earlier work. Readers and critics of Rolling Stone voted him Artist of the Year for 1979 (along with The Who), selected Rust Never Sleeps as Album of the Year, and voted him Male Vocalist of the Year as well.[78] The Village Voice named Rust Never Sleeps as the year`s second best album in the Pazz & Jop Poll,[79] a survey of nationwide critics, and honored Young as the Artist of the Decade.[80]Experimental years (1980–1988)[edit]At the start of the 1980s, distracted by medical concerns relating to the cerebral palsy of his son, Ben, Young had little time to spend on writing and recording.[81] After providing the incidental music to the 1980 film Where the Buffalo Roam, Young released Hawks & Doves (November 3, 1980), a short record pieced together from sessions going back to 1974.[81]Re·ac·tor (1981), an electric album recorded with Crazy Horse, also included material from the 1970s.[82] Young did not tour in support of either album; in total, he played only one show, a set at the 1980 Bread and Roses Festival in Berkeley,[83] between the end of his 1978 tour with Crazy Horse and the start of his tour with the Trans Band in mid-1982.[citation needed]The 80s were really good. The 80s were like, artistically, very strong for me, because I knew no boundaries and was experimenting with everything that I could come across, sometimes with great success, sometimes with terrible results, but nonetheless I was able to do this, and I was able to realize that I wasn`t in a box, and I wanted to establish that.— Neil Young[84]The 1982 album Trans, which incorporated vocoders, synthesizers, and electronic beats, was Young`s first for the new label Geffen Records (distributed at the time by Warner Bros. Records, whose parent Warner Music Group owns most of Young`s solo and band catalog) and represented a distinct stylistic departure. Young later revealed that an inspiration for the album was the theme of technology and communication with Ben, who could not speak.[85] An extensive tour preceded the release of the album, and was documented by the video Neil Young in Berlin, which saw release in 1986. MTV played the video for `Sample and Hold` in light rotation.[citation needed]Young playing in Barcelona, Spain, 1984Young`s next album, 1983`s Everybody`s Rockin`, included several rockabilly covers and clocked in at less than 25 minutes in length. Young was backed by the Shocking Pinks for the supporting US tour. Trans (1982) had already drawn the ire of label head David Geffen for its lack of commercial appeal, and with Everybody`s Rockin` following seven months later, Geffen Records sued Young for making music `unrepresentative` of himself.[86] The album was also notable as the first for which Young made commercial music videos – Tim Pope directed the videos for `Wonderin`` and `Cry, Cry, Cry`. Also premiered in 1983, though little seen, was the long-gestating Human Highway. Co-directed and co-written by Young, the eclectic comedy starred Young, Dean Stockwell, Russ Tamblyn, Dennis Hopper, David Blue, Sally Kirkland, Charlotte Stewart and members of Devo.[87]Young did not release an album in 1984, his first unproductive year since beginning his career with Buffalo Springfield in 1966. Young`s lack of productivity was largely due to the ongoing legal battle with Geffen, although he was also frustrated that the label had rejected his 1982 country album Old Ways.[88] It was also the year when Young`s third child was born, a girl named Amber Jean, who was later diagnosed with inherited epilepsy.[89]Young spent most of 1984 and all of 1985 touring for Old Ways (August 12, 1985) with his country band, the International Harvesters. The album was finally released in an altered form midway through 1985. Young also appeared at that year`s Live Aid concert in Philadelphia, collaborating with Crosby, Stills and Nash for the quartet`s first performance for a paying audience in over ten years.[citation needed]Young`s last two albums for Geffen were more conventional in the genre, although they incorporated production techniques like synthesizers and echoing drums that were previously uncommon in Young`s music. Young recorded 1986`s Landing on Water without Crazy Horse but reunited with the band for the subsequent year-long tour and final Geffen album, Life, which emerged in 1987. Young`s album sales dwindled steadily throughout the eighties; today Life remains his all-time-least successful studio album, with an estimated four hundred thousand sales worldwide.[90]Switching back to his old label Reprise Records, Young continued to tour relentlessly, assembling a new blues band called The Bluenotes in mid-1987 (a legal dispute with musician Harold Melvin forced the eventual rechristening of the band as Ten Men Working midway through the tour). The addition of a brass section provided a new jazzier sound, and the title track of 1988`s This Note`s For You became Young`s first hit single of the decade. Accompanied by a video that parodied corporate rock, the pretensions of advertising, and Michael Jackson, the song was initially unofficially banned by MTV for mentioning the brand names of some of their sponsors. Young wrote an open letter, `What does the M in MTV stand for: music or money?` Despite this, the video was eventually named best video of the year by the network in 1989.[91]Young reunited with Crosby, Stills, and Nash to record the 1988 album American Dream and play two benefit concerts late in the year, but the group did not embark upon a full tour.[citation needed]Young attracted criticism from liberals in the music industry when he supported President Ronald Reagan and said he was `tired of people constantly apologising for being Americans`.[92] In a 1985 interview with Melody Maker, he said about the AIDS pandemic: `You go to a supermarket and you see a fa*ggot behind the f*ckin` cash register, you don`t want him to handle your potatoes.`[93] In the same interview, Young also complained about welfare beneficiaries, saying: `Stop being supported by the government and get out and work. You have to make the weak stand up on one leg, or half a leg, whatever they`ve got.`[94] Rolling Stone wrote in 2013 that Young `almost certainly regrets that horrific statement` and that he `quickly moved away from right-wing politics`.[93]Return to prominence (1989–1999)[edit]Young performing in 1996 in Turku, FinlandYoung`s 1989 single `Rockin` in the Free World`, which hit No. 2 on the US mainstream-rock charts, and accompanying the album, Freedom, returned Young to the popular consciousness after a decade of sometimes-difficult genre experiments. The album`s lyrics were often overtly political; `Rockin` in the Free World` deals with homelessness, terrorism, and environmental degradation, implicitly criticizing the government policies of President George H. W. Bush.[95]The use of heavy feedback and distortion on several Freedom tracks was reminiscent of the Rust Never Sleeps (1979) album and foreshadowed the imminent rise of grunge. The rising stars of the subgenre, including Nirvana`s Kurt Cobain and Pearl Jam`s Eddie Vedder, frequently cited Young as a major influence, contributing to his popular revival. A tribute album called The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young was released in 1989, featuring covers by a range of alternative and grunge acts, including Sonic Youth, Nick Cave, Soul Asylum, Dinosaur Jr, and the Pixies.[citation needed]Young`s 1990 album Ragged Glory, recorded with Crazy Horse in a barn on his Northern California ranch, continued this distortion-heavy aesthetic. Young toured for the album with Orange County, California country-punk band Social Distortion and Sonic Youth as support, much to the consternation of many of his old fans.[96] Weld, a two-disc live album documenting the tour, was released in 1991.[96] Sonic Youth`s influence was evident on Arc, a 35-minute collage of feedback and distortion spliced together at the suggestion of Thurston Moore and originally packaged with some versions of Weld.[96]1992`s Harvest Moon marked an abrupt return (prompted by Young`s hyperacusis in the aftermath of the Weld tour) to the country and folk-rock stylings of Harvest and reunited him with some of the musicians from that album, including the core members of the Stray Gators and singers Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor. The title track was a minor hit, and the record was well received by critics, winning the Juno Award for Album of the Year in 1994. Young also contributed to lifelong friend Randy Bachman`s nostalgic 1992 tune `Prairie Town`, and garnered a 1993 Academy Award nomination for his song `Philadelphia`, from the soundtrack of the Jonathan Demme movie of the same name. An MTV Unplugged performance and album emerged in 1993. Later that year, Young collaborated with Booker T. and the M.G.s for a summer tour of Europe and North America, with Blues Traveler, Soundgarden, and Pearl Jam also on the bill. Some European shows ended with a rendition of `Rockin` in the Free World` played with Pearl Jam, foreshadowing their eventual full-scale collaboration two years later.[citation needed]Young on stage in BarcelonaIn 1994, Young again collaborated with Crazy Horse for Sleeps with Angels, a record whose dark, somber mood was influenced by Kurt Cobain`s death earlier that year: the title track in particular dealt with Cobain`s life and death, without mentioning him by name. Cobain had quoted Young`s lyric `It`s better to burn out than fade away` (a line from `My My, Hey Hey`) in his suicide note. Young had reportedly made repeated attempts to contact Cobain prior to his death.[97] Young and Pearl Jam performed `Act of Love` at an abortion rights benefit along with Crazy Horse, and were present at a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame dinner, sparking interest in a collaboration between the two.[98] Still enamored with the grunge scene, Young reconnected with Pearl Jam in 1995 for the live-in-the-studio album Mirror Ball and a tour of Europe with the band and producer Brendan O`Brien backing Young. 1995 also marked Young`s induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, where he was inducted by Eddie Vedder.[99]Young has consistently demonstrated the unbridled passion of an artist who understands that self-renewal is the only way to avoid burning out. For this reason, he has remained one of the most significant artists of the rock and roll era.— Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website.[99][100]In 1995, Young and his manager Elliot Roberts founded a record label, Vapor Records.[101] It has released recordings by Tegan and Sara, Spoon, Jonathan Richman, Vic Chesnutt, Everest, Pegi Young, Jets Overhead, and Young himself, among others.[101]Young`s next collaborative partner was filmmaker Jim Jarmusch, who asked Young to compose a soundtrack to his 1995 black-and-white western film Dead Man. Young`s instrumental soundtrack was improvised while he watched the film alone in a studio. The death of long-time mentor, friend, and producer David Briggs in late 1995 prompted Young to reconnect with Crazy Horse the following year for the album and tour Broken Arrow. A Jarmusch-directed concert film and live album of the tour, Year of the Horse, emerged in 1997. From 1996 to 1997, Young and Crazy Horse toured extensively throughout Europe and North America, including a stint as part of the H.O.R.D.E. Festival`s sixth annual tour.[citation needed]In 1998, Young renewed his collaboration with the rock band Phish, sharing the stage at the annual Farm Aid concert and then at Young`s Bridge School Benefit, where he joined headliners Phish for renditions of `Helpless` and `I Shall Be Released`.[102] Phish declined Young`s later invitation to be his backing band on his 1999 North American tour.[citation needed]The decade ended with the release in late 1999 of Looking Forward, another reunion with Crosby, Stills, and Nash. The subsequent tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed quartet earned US$42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000.[citation needed]Health condition and new material (2000s)[edit]Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young perform at the PNC Bank Arts Center in 2006. (From L to R: Nash, Stills, Young, and Crosby)Neil Young continued to release new material at a rapid pace through the first decade of the new millennium. The studio album Silver & Gold and live album Road Rock Vol. 1 were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single `Let`s Roll` was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks, and the effective action taken by the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular.[103]In 2003, Young released Greendale, a concept album recorded with Crazy Horse members Billy Talbot and Ralph Molina. The songs loosely revolved around the murder of a police officer in a small town in California and its effects on the town`s inhabitants.[104] Under the pseudonym `Bernard Shakey`, Young directed an accompanying film of the same name, featuring actors lip-synching to the music from the album. He toured extensively with the Greendale material throughout 2003 and 2004, first with a solo, acoustic version in Europe, then with a full-cast stage show in North America, Japan, and Australia. Young began using biodiesel on the 2004 Greendale tour, powering his trucks and tour buses with the fuel. `Our Greendale tour is now ozone friendly`, he said. `I plan to continue to use this government approved and regulated fuel exclusively from now on to prove that it is possible to deliver the goods anywhere in North America without using foreign oil, while being environmentally responsible.`[105]Stills and Young performing together on the Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young 2006 tourIn March 2005, while working on the Prairie Wind album in Nashville,[106] Young was diagnosed with a brain aneurysm. He was treated successfully with a minimally invasive neuroradiological procedure, performed in a New York hospital on March 29,[107] but two days afterwards he passed out on a New York street from bleeding from the femoral artery, which radiologists had used to access the aneurysm.[108] The complication forced Young to cancel his scheduled appearance at the Juno Awards telecast in Winnipeg, but within months he was back on stage, appearing at the close of the Live 8 concert in Barrie, Ontario, on July 2. During the performance, he debuted a new song, a soft hymn called `When God Made Me`. Young`s brush with death influenced Prairie Wind`s themes of retrospection and mortality.[109]2010s[edit]In May 2010, it was revealed Young had begun working on a new studio album produced by Daniel Lanois. This was announced by David Crosby, who said that the album `will be a very heartfelt record. I expect it will be a very special record.`[110] On May 18, 2010, Young embarked upon a North American solo tour to promote his then upcoming album, Le Noise, playing a mix of older songs and new material. Although billed as a solo acoustic tour, Young also played some songs on electric guitars, including Old Black.[111]In September 2011, Jonathan Demme`s third documentary film on the singer songwriter, Neil Young Journeys, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.[112]Neil Young with Crazy Horse released the album Americana on June 5, 2012. It was Young`s first collaboration with Crazy Horse since the Greendale album and tour in 2003 and 2004. The record is a tribute to unofficial national anthems that jumps from an uncensored version of `This Land Is Your Land` to `Clementine` and includes a version of `God Save the Queen`, which Young grew up singing every day in school in Canada.[113] Americana is Neil Young`s first album composed entirely of cover songs. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200, making it Young`s highest-charting album in the US since Harvest.[114] On June 5, 2012, American Songwriter also reported that Neil Young and Crazy Horse would be launching their first tour in eight years in support of the album.[115]On September 25, 2012, Young`s autobiography Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream was released to critical and commercial acclaim.[116] Reviewing the book for the New York Times, Janet Maslin reported that Young chose to write his memoirs in 2012 for two reasons: he needed to take a break from stage performances for health reasons but continue to generate income; and he feared the onset of dementia, considering his father`s medical history and his own present condition. Maslin praised the book, describing it as frank but quirky and without pathos.[117]In November 2013, Young performed at the annual fundraiser for the Silverlake Conservatory of Music. Following the Red Hot Chili Peppers, he played an acoustic set to a crowd who had paid a minimum of $2,000 a seat to attend the benefit in the famous Paramour Mansion overlooking downtown Los Angeles.[118]Young released the album A Letter Home on April 19, 2014, through Jack White`s record label, and his second memoir, entitled Special Deluxe, which was released on October 14.[119] He appeared with White on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 12, 2014.[120]Young released his thirty-fifth studio album, Storytone on November 4, 2014. The first song released from the album, `Who`s Gonna Stand Up?`, was released in three different versions on September 25, 2014.[121]Storytone was followed in 2015 by his concept album The Monsanto Years.[122] The Monsanto Years is an album themed both in support of sustainable farming, and to protest the biotechnology company Monsanto.[123] Young achieves this protest in a series of lyrical sentiments against genetically modified food production. He created this album in collaboration with Willie Nelson`s sons, Lukas and Micah, and is also backed by Lukas`s fellow band members from Promise of the Real.[124] Additionally, Young released a film in tandem to the album, (also entitled The Monsanto Years), that documents the album`s recording, and can be streamed online.[125] In August 2019, The Guardian reported Young, among other environmental activists, was being spied on by the firm.[126]In summer 2015, Young undertook a North America tour titled the Rebel Content Tour. The tour began on July 5, 2015, at the Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and ended on July 24, 2015, at the Wayhome Festival in Oro-Medonte, Ontario. Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real were special guests for the tour.[127][128]In October 2016, Young performed at Desert Trip in Indio, California,[129][130] and announced his thirty-seventh studio album, Peace Trail, recorded with drummer Jim Keltner and bass guitarist Paul Bushnell,[131] which was released that December.On September 8, 2017, Young released Hitchhiker, a studio LP recorded on August 11, 1976, at Indigo Studios in Malibu. The album features ten songs that Young recorded accompanied by acoustic guitar or piano.[132] While different versions of most of the songs have been previously released, the new album will include two never-before-released songs: `Hawaii` and `Give Me Strength`, which Young has occasionally performed live.[133]On July 4, 2017, Young released the song `Children of Destiny` which would appear on his next album. On November 3, 2017, Young released `Already Great`, a song from The Visitor, an album he recorded with Promise of the Real and released on December 1, 2017.[134]On Record Store Day, April 21, 2018, Warner Records released a two-vinyl LP special edition of Roxy: Tonight`s the Night Live, a double live album of a show that Young performed in September 1973 at the Roxy in West Hollywood, with the Santa Monica Flyers. The album is labeled as `Volume 05` in Young`s Performance Series.[135]On October 19, 2018, Young released a live version of his song `Campaigner`, an excerpt from a forthcoming archival live album titled Songs for Judy, which features solo performances recorded during a November 1976 tour with Crazy Horse. It will be the first release from his new label Shakey Pictures Records.[136][137][138]In December 2018, Young criticized the promoters of a London show for selecting Barclays Bank as a sponsor. Young objected to the bank`s association with fossil fuels. Young explained that he was trying to rectify the situation by finding a different sponsor.[139]On August 19, 2019, Neil Young and Crazy Horse announced the forthcoming release later in August 2019 of the new song `Rainbow of Colors`, the first single from the album Colorado, Young`s first new record with the band in seven years, since 2012`s Psychedelic Pill. Young, multi-instrumentalist Nils Lofgren, bassist Billy Talbot and drummer Ralph Molina recorded the new album with Young`s co-producer, John Hanlon, in spring 2019. Colorado was released on October 25, 2019[140][141] on Reprise Records. On August 30, 2019, Young unveiled `Milky Way`, the first song from Colorado, a love ballad he had performed several times at concerts – both solo acoustic and with Promise of the Real.[142]2020s[edit]In February 2020, Young wrote an open letter to President Trump, calling him a `disgrace to my country`.[143][144] On August 4, 2020, Young filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Trump`s reelection campaign for the use of his music at campaign rallies.[145]In April 2020, Young announced that he was working on a new archival album, Road of Plenty, comprising music made with Crazy Horse in 1986 and rehearsals for his 1989 Saturday Night Live appearance.[146] On June 19, Young released a `lost` album, Homegrown. He recorded it in the mid-1970s following his breakup with Carrie Snodgress, but opted not to release it at the time, feeling it was too personal.[147] In September, Young released a live EP, The Times. Young shared the news via his video for his new song `Lookin` for a Leader`, stating: `I invite the President to play this song at his next rally. A song about the feelings many of us have about America today.`[148]In January 2021, Young sold 50% of the rights to his back catalog to the British investment company Hipgnosis Songs Fund. The value was estimated to be at least $150 million.[149][150] Young and Crazy Horse released a new album, Barn, on December 10, 2021. The first single, `Song of the Seasons`, was released on October 15, followed by `Welcome Back` on December 3, along with a music video. A stand-alone will be released on Blu-ray and will be directed by Daryl Hannah.[151] Young also confirmed that he had completed his third book, Canary, his first work of fiction.[152]On January 24, 2022, Young posted an open letter threatening to remove his music from the audio streaming service Spotify if it did not remove The Joe Rogan Experience podcast. Young accused the podcast of spreading COVID-19 misinformation on December 31, writing that `Spotify has a responsibility to mitigate the spread of misinformation on its platform`.[153] On January 26, Young`s music was removed from Spotify. A Spotify spokesperson said that Spotify wanted `all the world`s music and audio content to be available to Spotify users` and that it had a `great responsibility in balancing both safety for listeners and freedom for creators`.[153] In solidarity, artists including Joni Mitchell and the members of Crosby, Stills, and Nash also removed their music from Spotify.[154][155][156] The Director-General of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, also praised Young.[155]In 2023, Young criticized Ticketmaster`s practice of raising ticket prices and adding fees. He said he had been sent letters from fans blaming him for US$3,000 tickets for a benefit concert he was performing, and that `artists have to worry about ripped off fans blaming them for Ticketmaster add-ons and scalpers`.[157]In March 2024, Young returned his music to Spotify, as the end of Rogan`s contract meant Rogan could add The Joe Rogan Experience to other streaming platforms, such as Apple Music and Amazon Music. Young said he could not sustain his opposition across each of the platforms.[158]Archives project[edit]Main article: Neil Young ArchivesSince 2006, Young has been maintaining the Neil Young Archives, a project which encompasses the release of live albums, starting in 2006 with Live at the Fillmore East, box sets of live and studio material, starting in 2009 with The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972, as well as video releases. As of 2019, the project has evolved into a subscription website and application where all of his music is available to stream in high resolution audio. Neil Young Archives also includes his newspaper, The Times-Contrarian, The Hearse Theater, and photographs and memorabilia from throughout his career.[159]Activism, philanthropy and humanitarian efforts[edit]Young`s renewed activism manifested itself in the 2006 album Living with War, which like the much earlier song `Ohio`, was recorded and released in less than a month as a direct result of current events.[160] Most of the album`s songs rebuked the Bush administration`s policy of war by examining its human costs to soldiers, their loved ones, and civilians, but Young also included a few songs on other themes and an outright protest song entitled `Let`s Impeach the President`,[161] in which he asserted that Bush had lied to lead the country into war.While Young had never been a stranger to eco-friendly lyrics, themes of environmentalist spirituality and activism became increasingly prominent in his work throughout the 1990s and 2000s, especially on Greendale (2003)[162] and Living with War (2006).[163] The trend continued on 2007`s Chrome Dreams II, with lyrics exploring Young`s personal eco-spirituality.[164]Young remains on the board of directors of Farm Aid, an organization he co-founded with Willie Nelson and John Mellencamp in 1985. According to its website, it is the longest running concert benefit series in the US and it has raised $43 million since its first benefit concert in 1985. Each year, Young co-hosts and performs with well-known guest performers who include Dave Matthews and producers who include Evelyn Shriver and Mark Rothbaum, at the Farm Aid annual benefit concerts to raise funds and provide grants to family farms and prevent foreclosures, provide a crisis hotline, and create and promote home grown farm food in the United States.[165]Young performing in Oslo, Norway, in 2009In 2008, Young revealed his latest project, the production of a hybrid-engine 1959 Lincoln called LincVolt.[166] A new album loosely based on the Lincvolt project, Fork in the Road, was released on April 7, 2009.[167]A Jonathan Demme concert film from a 2007 concert at the Tower Theater in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania, called the Neil Young Trunk Show premiered on March 21, 2009, at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Film Conference and Festival in Austin, Texas. It was featured at the Cannes Film Festival on May 17, 2009, and was released in the US on March 19, 2010,[168] to critical acclaim.[169][170][171]In 2009, Young headlined the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, and Glastonbury Festival in Pilton, England,[172] at Hard Rock Calling in London (where he was joined onstage by Paul McCartney for a rendition of `A Day in the Life`) and, after years of unsuccessful booking attempts, the Isle of Wight Festival.[173]Young has been a vocal opponent of the proposed Keystone XL oil pipeline, which would run from Alberta to Texas. When discussing the environmental impact on the oilsands of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Young asserted that the area now resembles the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the aftermath of the atomic bomb attack of World War II.[174] Young has referred to issues surrounding the proposed use of oil pipelines as `scabs on our lives`.[174] In an effort to become more involved, Young has worked directly with the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation to draw attention to this issue, performing benefit concerts and speaking publicly on the subject. In 2014, he played four shows in Canada dedicated to the Honor the Treaties[175] movement, raising money for the Athabasca Chipewyan legal defense fund.[176] In 2015, he and Willie Nelson held a festival in Neligh, Nebraska, called Harvest the Hope, raising awareness of the impact of oilsands and oil pipelines on Native Americans and family farmers. Both received honors from leaders of the Rosebud Sioux, Oglala Lakota, Ponca and Omaha nations, and were invested with sacred buffalo robes.[177]Young participated in the Blue Dot Tour, which was organized and fronted by environmental activist David Suzuki, and toured all 10 Canadian provinces alongside other Canadian artists including the Barenaked Ladies, Feist, and Robert Bateman. The intent of Young`s participation in this tour was to raise awareness of the environmental damage caused by the exploitation of oilsands. Young has argued that the amount of CO2 released as a byproduct of oilsand oil extraction is equivalent to the amount released by the total number of cars in Canada each day.[178] Young has faced criticism by representatives from within the Canadian petroleum industry, who have argued that his statements are irresponsible.[174] Young`s opposition to the construction of oil pipelines has influenced his music as well. His song, `Who`s Going to Stand Up?` was written to protest this issue, and features the lyric `Ban fossil fuel and draw the line / Before we build one more pipeline`.[174]In addition to directly criticizing members of the oil industry, Young has also focused blame on the actions of the Canadian government for ignoring the environmental impacts of climate change. He referred to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper as `an embarrassment to many Canadians ... [and] a very poor imitation of the George Bush administration in the United States`.[178] Young was also critical of Barack Obama`s government for failing to uphold the promises made regarding environmental policies during his election campaign.[178]Young recorded `A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop` in response to Starbucks` possible involvement with Monsanto and use of genetically modified food.[179][180] The song was included on his 2015 concept album The Monsanto Years.[181]Personal life[edit]Homes and residency[edit]Young`s family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married. Young himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966–1967), as well as Omemee (1945–1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his `hometown`.[182] After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. Young had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire.[183] Young had lived outside Canada from 1967, before returning in 2020.Young owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres[184] near La Honda, California, which he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$2.7 million in 2023 dollars);[72] the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres.[185][186] He moved out and gave Pegi Young the ranch after their divorce in 2014. Young`s son Ben lives there.[61]Young announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana. In 2020, the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen.[187][188][189][190] Almost immediately upon gaining US citizenship, Young returned to living in Canada for the first time in over half-a-century, as he and Daryl Hannah moved to a cottage near Omemee, the town where he had originally lived from shortly after his birth until the age of 7.[191][192]Relationships and family[edit]Young married his first wife, restaurant owner Susan Acevedo, in December 1968. They were together until October 1970, when she filed for divorce.[193]From late 1970 to 1975, Young was in a relationship with actress Carrie Snodgress. The song `A Man Needs a Maid` from Harvest is inspired by his seeing her in the film Diary of a Mad Housewife. They met soon afterward and she moved in with him on his ranch in northern California. They have a son, Zeke, who was born September 8, 1972. He has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy.[194][195]Young met future wife Pegi Young (née Morton) in 1974 when she was working as a waitress at a diner near his ranch, a story he tells in the 1992 song `Unknown Legend`. They married in August 1978[196] and had two children together, Ben and Amber. Ben has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy,[195] and Amber has been diagnosed with epilepsy.[195] The couple were musical collaborators and co-founded the Bridge School in 1986.[197][198] On July 29, 2014, Young filed for divorce after 36 years of marriage.[61] Pegi died on January 1, 2019.[199]Young has been in a relationship with actress and director Daryl Hannah since 2014.[200] Young and Hannah were reported to have wed on August 25, 2018, in Atascadero, California.[201] Young confirmed his marriage to Hannah in a video released on October 31, 2018.[202]Young has been widely reported to be the godfather of actress Amber Tamblyn;[203] in a 2009 interview with Parade, Tamblyn explained that `godfather` was `just a loose term` for Young, Dennis Hopper, and Dean Stockwell, three famous friends of her father, Russ Tamblyn, who were important influences on her life.[204]Charity work[edit]Young is an environmentalist[205] and outspoken advocate for the welfare of small farmers, having co-founded in 1985 the benefit concert Farm Aid. He worked on LincVolt, the conversion of his 1959 Lincoln Continental to hybrid electric technology, as an environmentalist statement.[206][207] In 1986, Young helped found the Bridge School,[208] an educational organization for children with severe verbal and physical disabilities, and its annual supporting Bridge School Benefit concerts, together with his then wife Pegi Young.[209]Young is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.[210]Business ventures[edit]Young was part owner of Lionel, LLC, a company that makes toy trains and model railroad accessories.[211] In 2008 Lionel emerged from bankruptcy and his shares of the company were wiped out. He was instrumental in the design of the Lionel Legacy control system for model trains,[211] and remains on the board of directors of Lionel.[212] He has been named as co-inventor on seven US patents related to model trains.[213]Young has long held that the digital audio formats in which most people download music are deeply flawed, and do not provide the rich, warm sound of analog recordings. He claims to be acutely aware of the difference, and compares it with taking a shower in tiny ice cubes versus ordinary water.[214] Young and his company PonoMusic developed Pono, a music download service and dedicated music player focusing on `high-quality` uncompressed digital audio.[215] It was designed to compete against highly compressed MP3 type formats. Pono promised to present songs `as they first sound during studio recording`.[216][217][218] The service and the sale of the player were launched in October 2014.[219][220]Instruments[edit]Guitars[edit]Young playing a Gretsch White Falcon in Cologne, June 19, 2009In 2003, Rolling Stone listed Young as eighty-third in its ranking of `The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time` (although in a more recent version of the list, he has been moved up to seventeenth place), describing him as a `restless experimenter ... who transform[s] the most obvious music into something revelatory`.[221] Young is a collector of second-hand guitars, but in recording and performing, he uses frequently just a few instruments, as is explained by his longtime guitar technician Larry Cragg in the film Neil Young: Heart of Gold. They include:a late 1950s Gretsch White Falcon purchased by Young near the end of the Buffalo Springfield era. In 1969, he bought a version of the same vintage guitar from Stephen Stills, and this instrument is featured prominently during Young`s early 1970s period, and can be heard on tracks like `Ohio`, `Southern Man`, `Alabama`, `Words (Between the Lines of Age)`, and `L.A.`. It was Young`s primary electric guitar during the Harvest (1972) era, since Young`s deteriorating back condition (eventually fixed with surgery) made playing the much heavier Les Paul (a favourite of his named Old Black) difficult.[222]Reed organ[edit]Young owns a restored Estey reed organ, serial number 167272, dating from 1885, which he frequently plays in concert.[223]Crystallophone[edit]Young owns a glass harmonica, which he played in the recording of `I Do` on his 2019 album Colorado.[224]Amplification[edit]Young uses various vintage Fender Tweed Deluxe amplifiers. His preferred amplifier for electric guitar is the Fender Deluxe, specifically a Tweed-era model from 1959. He purchased his first vintage Deluxe in 1967 for US$50 (US$460 in 2023 dollars[72]) from Sol Betnun Music on Larchmont in Hollywood and has since acquired nearly 450 different examples, all from the same era, but he maintains that it is the original model that sounds superior and is crucial to his trademark sound.[225]A notable and unique accessory to Young`s Deluxe is the Whizzer, a device created specifically for Young by Rick Davis, which physically changes the amplifier`s settings to pre-set combinations. This device is connected to footswitches operable by Young onstage in the manner of an effects pedal. Tom Wheeler`s book The Soul of Tone highlights the device on page 182/183.[226]Discography[edit]Main article: Neil Young discography and filmographySee also: Crazy Horse (band) § Discography; Buffalo Springfield § Discography; and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young discographyNeil Young (1968)Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969) (with Crazy Horse)After the Gold Rush (1970)Harvest (1972)Time Fades Away (1973)On the Beach (1974)Tonight`s the Night (1975)Zuma (1975) (with Crazy Horse)Long May You Run (1976) (credited to The Stills–Young Band)American Stars `n Bars (1977)Comes a Time (1978)Rust Never Sleeps (1979)Hawks & Doves (1980)Re

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Odlično stanjeJohnny Cash – Country & Western SuperstarLabel: CBS – S 68 224Series: Country & Western SuperstarFormat:2 x Vinyl, LP, Compilation, GatefoldCountry: EuropeReleased: 1973Genre: Rock, BluesStyle: Country Blues, Country Rock, Folk RockA1 From Sea To Shining Sea 1:35A2 The Whirl And The Suck 3:05A3 Call Daddy From The Mine 3:05A4 Th Frozen Four-Hundred-Pound Fair-To-Middlin` Cotton Picker 2:30A5 The Walls Of A Prison 4:09A6 The Masterpiece 2:45B1 You And Tennessee 3:07B2 Another Song To Sing 1:58B3 The Flint Arrowhead 2:55B4 Cisco Clifton`s Fillin` Station 2:42B5 Shrimpin` Sailin` 3:03B6 From Sea To Shining Sea (Finale) 0:54C1 The Ballad Of Ira Hayes 4:05C2 ShantytownVocals – June CarterVocals – June Carter2:16C3 I Got A WomanVocals – June CarterVocals – June Carter3:12C4 Pack Up Your SorrowsVocals – June CarterVocals – June Carter2:23C5 It Ain`t Me, BabeVocals – June CarterVocals – June Carter2:59D1 Orange Blossom Special 2:58D2 JacksonVocals – June CarterVocals – June Carter2:42D3 GIve My Love To RoseVocals – June CarterVocals – June Carter2:38D4 Austin Prison 2:04D5 Danny Boy 5:05NotesThis compilation incl. mainly the albums From Sea To Shining Sea (1968) and Johnny Cash With June Carter* ‎– Give My Love To Rose (1972).John R. Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American country singer-songwriter. Most of Cash`s music contains themes of sorrow, moral tribulation, and redemption, especially songs from the later stages of his career.[5][6] He was known for his deep, calm bass-baritone voice,[a][7] the distinctive sound of his Tennessee Three backing band characterized by train-like chugging guitar rhythms, a rebelliousness[8][9] coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor,[5] free prison concerts,[10] and a trademark all-black stage wardrobe, which earned him the nickname the `Man in Black`.[b]Born to poor cotton farmers in Kingsland, Arkansas, Cash rose to fame during the mid-1950s in the burgeoning rockabilly scene in Memphis, Tennessee, after serving four years in the Air Force. He traditionally began his concerts by simply introducing himself, `Hello, I`m Johnny Cash`,[c] followed by `Folsom Prison Blues`, one of his signature songs. His other signature songs include `I Walk the Line`, `Ring of Fire`, `Get Rhythm`, and `Man in Black`. He also recorded humorous numbers like `One Piece at a Time` and `A Boy Named Sue`, a duet with his future wife June called `Jackson` (followed by many further duets after their wedding), and railroad songs such as `Hey, Porter`, `Orange Blossom Special`, and `Rock Island Line`.[13] During the last stage of his career, he covered songs by contemporary rock artists; among his most notable covers were `Hurt` by Nine Inch Nails, `Rusty Cage` by Soundgarden, and `Personal Jesus` by Depeche Mode.Cash is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 90 million records worldwide.[14][15] His genre-spanning music embraced country, rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk, and gospel sounds. This crossover appeal earned him the rare honor of being inducted into the Country Music, Rock and Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame. His music career was dramatized in the 2005 biopic Walk the Line, in which Cash was portrayed by American film actor Joaquin Phoenix.Early lifeCash`s boyhood home in Dyess, Arkansas, where he lived from the age of three in 1935 until he finished high school in 1950; the property, pictured here in 2021, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The home was renovated in 2011 to look as it did when Cash was a child.Cash was born J. R. Cash in Kingsland, Arkansas, on February 26, 1932,[16][17] to Carrie Cloveree (née Rivers) and Ray Cash. He had three older siblings, Roy, Margaret Louise, and Jack, and three younger siblings, Reba, Joanne, and Tommy (who also became a successful country artist).[18][19] He was primarily of English and Scottish descent.[20][21][22] His paternal grandmother also claimed Cherokee ancestry, though a DNA test of Cash`s daughter Rosanne found she has no known Native American markers.[23][24] He traced his Scottish surname to 11th-century Fife after meeting with the then-laird of Falkland, Major Michael Crichton-Stuart.[25][26][27] Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the name of his family.[25] He is a distant cousin of British Conservative politician Sir William Cash.[28] His mother wanted to name him John and his father preferred to name him Ray, so J. R. ended up being the only compromise they could agree on.[29] When Cash enlisted in the Air Force, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name, so he changed it to John R. Cash. In 1955, when signing with Sun Records, he started using the name Johnny Cash.[9]In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony established to give poor families the opportunity to work land that they may later own.[30] From the age of five, he worked in cotton fields with his family, singing with them as they worked. The Cash farm in Dyess experienced a flood, which led Cash later to write the song `Five Feet High and Rising`.[31] His family`s economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression gave him a lifelong sympathy for the poor and working class, and inspired many of his songs.In 1944,[32] Cash`s older brother Jack, with whom he was close, was cut almost in two by an unguarded table saw at work and died a week later.[33] According to Cash`s autobiography, he, his mother, and Jack all had a sense of foreboding about that day; his mother urged Jack to skip work and go fishing with Cash, but Jack insisted on working as the family needed the money. Cash often spoke of the guilt he felt over the incident, and spoke of looking forward to `meeting [his] brother in Heaven`.[9]Cash`s early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio. Taught guitar by his mother and a childhood friend, Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of 12. When young, Cash had a high-tenor voice, before becoming a bass-baritone after his voice changed.[34] In high school, he sang on a local radio station. Decades later, he released an album of traditional gospel songs called My Mother`s Hymn Book. He was also significantly influenced by traditional Irish music, which he heard performed weekly by Dennis Day on the Jack Benny radio program.[35]Cash enlisted in the Air Force on July 7, 1950.[36] After basic training at Lackland Air Force Base and technical training at Brooks Air Force Base, both in San Antonio, Texas, Cash was assigned to the 12th Radio Squadron Mobile of the U.S. Air Force Security Service at Landsberg, West Germany. He worked as a Morse code operator intercepting Soviet Army transmissions. While working this job, Cash was allegedly the first American to be given the news of Joseph Stalin’s death (supplied via Morse code). His daughter, Rosanne, backed up the claim, saying that Cash had recounted the story many times over the years.[37][38][39] While at Landsberg he created his first band, `The Landsberg Barbarians`.[40] On July 3, 1954, he was honorably discharged as a staff sergeant, and he returned to Texas.[41] During his military service, he acquired a distinctive scar on the right side of his jaw as a result of surgery to remove a cyst.[42][43]CareerEarly careerPublicity photo for Sun Records, 1955In 1954, Cash and his first wife Vivian moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he had sold appliances while studying to be a radio announcer. At night, he played with guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall Grant. Perkins and Grant were known as the Tennessee Two. Cash worked up the courage to visit the Sun Records studio, hoping to get a recording contract.[44] He auditioned for Sam Phillips by singing mostly gospel songs, only to learn from the producer that he no longer recorded gospel music. Phillips was rumored to have told Cash to `go home and sin, then come back with a song I can sell`, although in a 2002 interview, Cash denied that Phillips made any such comment.[45] Cash eventually won over the producer with new songs delivered in his early rockabilly style. In 1955, Cash made his first recordings at Sun, `Hey Porter` and `Cry! Cry! Cry!`, which were released in late June and met with success on the country hit parade.On December 4, 1956, Elvis Presley dropped in on Phillips while Carl Perkins was in the studio cutting new tracks, with Jerry Lee Lewis backing him on piano. Cash was also in the studio, and the four started an impromptu jam session. Phillips left the tapes running and the recordings, almost half of which were gospel songs, survived. They have since been released under the title Million Dollar Quartet. In Cash: the Autobiography, Cash wrote that he was the farthest from the microphone and sang in a higher pitch to blend in with Elvis.Cash`s next record, `Folsom Prison Blues`, made the country top five. His `I Walk the Line` became number one on the country charts and entered the pop charts top 20. `Home of the Blues` followed, recorded in July 1957. That same year, Cash became the first Sun artist to release a long-playing album. Although he was Sun`s most consistently selling and prolific artist at that time, Cash felt constrained by his contract with the small label. Phillips did not want Cash to record gospel and was paying him a 3% royalty rather than the standard rate of 5%. Presley had already left Sun and, Phillips was focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis.In 1958, Cash left Phillips to sign a lucrative offer with Columbia Records. His single `Don`t Take Your Guns to Town` became one of his biggest hits, and he recorded a collection of gospel songs for his second album for Columbia. However, Cash left behind a sufficient backlog of recordings with Sun that Phillips continued to release new singles and albums featuring previously unreleased material until as late as 1964. Cash was in the unusual position of having new releases out on two labels concurrently. Sun`s 1960 release, a cover of `Oh Lonesome Me`, made it to number 13 on the C&W charts.[d]Cash on the cover of Cash Box magazine, September 7, 1957Early in his career, Cash was given the teasing nickname `the Undertaker` by fellow artists because of his habit of wearing black clothes. He said he chose them because they were easier to keep looking clean on long tours.[46]In the early 1960s, Cash toured with the Carter Family, which by this time regularly included Mother Maybelle`s daughters, Anita, June, and Helen. June later recalled admiring him from afar during these tours. In the 1960s, he appeared on Pete Seeger`s short-lived television series Rainbow Quest.[47] He also acted in, and wrote and sang the opening theme for, a 1961 film entitled Five Minutes to Live, later re-released as Door-to-door Maniac.Cash`s career was handled by Saul Holiff, a London, Ontario, promoter. Their relationship was the subject of Saul`s son`s biopic My Father and the Man in Black.[48]Outlaw imageAs his career was taking off in the late 1950s, Cash started drinking heavily and became addicted to amphetamines and barbiturates. For a brief time, he shared an apartment in Nashville with Waylon Jennings, who was deeply addicted to amphetamines. Cash would use the stimulants to stay awake during tours. Friends joked about his `nervousness` and erratic behavior, many ignoring the warning signs of his worsening drug addiction.Although he was in many ways spiraling out of control, Cash could still deliver hits due to his frenetic creativity. His rendition of `Ring of Fire` was a crossover hit, reaching number one on the country charts and entering the top 20 on the pop charts. It was originally performed by June`s sister, but the signature mariachi-style horn arrangement was provided by Cash.[49] He said that it had come to him in a dream. Vivian Liberto claimed a different version of the origins of `Ring of Fire`. In her book, I Walked the Line: My Life with Johnny, Liberto says that Cash gave Carter half the songwriting credit for monetary reasons.[50]In June 1965, Cash`s camper caught fire during a fishing trip with his nephew Damon Fielder in Los Padres National Forest in California, triggering a forest fire that burned several hundred acres and nearly caused his death.[51][52] Cash claimed that the fire was caused by sparks from a defective exhaust system on his camper, but Fielder thinks that Cash started a fire to stay warm and in his drugged condition failed to notice the fire getting out of control.[53] When the judge asked Cash why he did it, Cash said, `I didn`t do it, my truck did, and it`s dead, so you can`t question it.`[54] The fire destroyed 508 acres (206 ha), burned the foliage off three mountains and drove off 49 of the refuge`s 53 endangered California condors.[55] Cash was unrepentant and claimed, `I don`t care about your damn yellow buzzards.`[56] The federal government sued him and was awarded $125,172. Cash eventually settled the case and paid $82,001.[57]The Tennessee Three with Cash in 1963Although Cash cultivated a romantic outlaw image, he never served a prison sentence. Despite landing in jail seven times for misdemeanors, he stayed only one night on each stay. On May 11, 1965, he was arrested in Starkville, Mississippi, for trespassing late at night onto private property to pick flowers. (He used this to write the song `Starkville City Jail`, which he discussed on his live At San Quentin album.)[58] While on tour that year, he was arrested October 4 in El Paso, Texas, by a narcotics squad. The officers suspected he was smuggling heroin from Mexico, but found instead 688 Dexedrine capsules (amphetamines) and 475 Equanil (sedatives or tranquilizers) tablets hidden inside his guitar case. Because the pills were prescription drugs rather than illegal narcotics, Cash received a suspended sentence. He posted a $1,500 bond and was released until his arraignment.[59]In this period of the mid-1960s, Cash released a number of concept albums. His Bitter Tears (1964) was devoted to spoken word and songs addressing the plight of Native Americans and mistreatment by the government. While initially reaching charts, this album met with resistance from some fans and radio stations, which rejected its controversial take on social issues. In 2011, a book was published about it, leading to a re-recording of the songs by contemporary artists and the making of a documentary film about Cash`s efforts with the album. This film was aired on PBS in February and November 2016. His Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965) was an experimental double record, mixing authentic frontier songs with Cash`s spoken narration.Reaching a low with his severe drug addiction and destructive behavior, Cash was divorced from his first wife and had performances cancelled, but he continued to find success. In 1967, Cash`s duet with June Carter, `Jackson`, won a Grammy Award.[60]Cash was last arrested in 1967 in Walker County, Georgia, after police found he was carrying a bag of prescription pills and was in a car accident. Cash attempted to bribe a local deputy, who turned the money down. He was jailed for the night in LaFayette, Georgia. Sheriff Ralph Jones released him after giving him a long talk, warning him about the danger of his behavior and wasted potential. Cash credited that experience with helping him turn around and save his life. He later returned to LaFayette to play a benefit concert; it attracted 12,000 people (the city population was less than 9,000 at the time) and raised $75,000 for the high school.[61] Reflecting on his past in a 1997 interview, Cash noted: `I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me.`[62] June, Maybelle, and Ezra Carter moved into Cash`s mansion for a month to help him get off drugs. Cash proposed onstage to June on February 22, 1968, at a concert at the London Gardens in London, Ontario, Canada. The couple married a week later (on March 1) in Franklin, Kentucky. She had agreed to marry Cash after he had `cleaned up.`[63]Cash`s journey included rediscovery of his Christian faith. He took an `altar call` in Evangel Temple, a small church in the Nashville area, pastored by Reverend Jimmie Rodgers Snow, son of country music legend Hank Snow. According to Marshall Grant, though, Cash did not completely stop using amphetamines in 1968. Cash did not end all drug use until 1970, staying drug-free for a period of seven years. Grant claims that the birth of Cash`s son, John Carter Cash, inspired Cash to end his dependence.[64]Cash began using amphetamines again in 1977. By 1983, he was deeply addicted again and became a patient at the Betty Ford Clinic in Rancho Mirage for treatment. He stayed off drugs for several years, but relapsed. By 1989, he was dependent and entered Nashville`s Cumberland Heights Alcohol and Drug Treatment Center. In 1992, he started care at the Loma Linda Behavioral Medicine Center in Loma Linda, California, for his final rehabilitation treatment. (Several months later, his son followed him into this facility for treatment.)[65][66]Folsom and other prison concertsCash began performing concerts at prisons in the late 1950s. He played his first famous prison concert on January 1, 1958, at San Quentin State Prison.[67] These performances led to a pair of highly successful live albums, Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) and Johnny Cash at San Quentin (1969). Both live albums reached number one on Billboard country album music and the latter crossed over to reach the top of the Billboard pop album chart. In 1969, Cash became an international hit when he eclipsed even The Beatles by selling 6.5 million albums.[68] In comparison, the prison concerts were much more successful than his later live albums such as Strawberry Cake recorded in London and Live at Madison Square Garden, which peaked at numbers 33 and 39 on the album charts, respectively.The Folsom Prison record was introduced by a rendition of his `Folsom Prison Blues` while the San Quentin record included the crossover hit single `A Boy Named Sue`, a Shel Silverstein-penned novelty song that reached number one on the country charts and number two on the U.S. top-10 pop charts.Cash performed at the Österåker Prison in Sweden in 1972. The live album På Österåker (At Österåker) was released in 1973. `San Quentin` was recorded with Cash replacing `San Quentin` with `Österåker`. In 1976, a concert at Tennessee State Prison was videotaped for TV broadcast, and received a belated CD release after Cash`s death as A Concert Behind Prison Walls.Activism for Native AmericansCash used his stardom and economic status to bring awareness to the issues surrounding the Native American people.[69] Cash sang songs about indigenous humanity in an effort to confront the U.S. government. Many non-Native Americans stayed away from singing about these things.[70] In 1965, Cash and June Carter appeared on Pete Seeger`s TV show, Rainbow Quest, on which Cash explained his start as an activist for Native Americans:In `57, I wrote a song called `Old Apache Squaw` and then forgot the so-called Indian protest for a while, but nobody else seemed to speak up with any volume of voice.[71]Columbia Music, the label for which Cash was recording then, was opposed to putting the song on his next album, considering it `too radical for the public`.[72] Cash singing songs of Indian tragedy and settler violence went radically against the mainstream of country music in the 1950s, which was dominated by the image of the righteous cowboy who simply makes the native`s soil his own.[73]In 1964, coming off the chart success of his previous album I Walk the Line, he recorded the aforementioned album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian.We`re Still Here: Johnny Cash`s Bitter Tears Revisited, a documentary by Antonino D`Ambrosio (author of A Heartland and a Guitar: Johnny Cash and the Making of Bitter Tears) tells the story of Johnny Cash`s controversial concept album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian, covering the struggles of Native Americans. The film`s DVD was released on August 21, 2018.[74]The album featured stories of a multitude of Indigenous peoples, mostly of their violent oppression by white settlers: the Pima (`The Ballad of Ira Hayes`), Navajo (`Navajo`), Apache (`Apache Tears`), Lakota (`Big Foot`), Seneca (`As Long as the Grass Shall Grow`), and Cherokee (`Talking Leaves`). Cash wrote three of the songs himself and one with the help of Johnny Horton, but the majority of the protest songs were written by folk artist Peter La Farge (son of activist and Pulitzer prizewinner Oliver La Farge), whom Cash met in New York in the 1960s and whom he admired for his activism.[75] The album`s single, `The Ballad of Ira Hayes` (about Ira Hayes, one of the six to raise the U.S. flag at Iwo Jima), was neglected by nonpolitical radio at the time, and the record label denied it any promotion due to its provocative protesting and `unappealing` nature. Cash faced resistance and was even urged by an editor of a country music magazine to leave the Country Music Association: `You and your crowd are just too intelligent to associate with plain country folks, country artists, and country DJs.`[76]In reaction, on August 22, 1964, Cash posted a letter as an advertisem*nt in Billboard, calling the record industry cowardly: `D.J.s – station managers – owners [...] where are your guts? I had to fight back when I realized that so many stations are afraid of Ira Hayes. Just one question: WHY??? Ira Hayes is strong medicine [...] So is Rochester, Harlem, Birmingham and Vietnam.`[77][78] Cash kept promoting the song himself and used his influence on radio disc jockeys he knew eventually to make the song climb to number three on the country charts, while the album rose to number two on the album charts.[76]Cash in 1969Later, on The Johnny Cash Show, he continued telling stories of Native-American plight, both in song and through short films, such as the history of the Trail of Tears.[79]In 1966, in response to his activism, Cash was adopted by the Seneca Nation`s Turtle Clan.[23] He performed benefits in 1968 at the Rosebud Reservation, close to the historical landmark of the massacre at Wounded Knee, to raise money to help build a school. He also played at the D-Q University in the 1980s.[80]In 1970, Cash recorded a reading of John G. Burnett`s 1890, 80th-birthday essay[81] on Cherokee removal for the Historical Landmarks Association (Nashville).[82]The Johnny Cash ShowFrom June 1969 to March 1971, Cash starred in his own television show, The Johnny Cash Show, on the ABC network.[83] Produced by Screen Gems, the show was performed at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. The Statler Brothers opened for him in every episode; the Carter Family and rockabilly legend Carl Perkins were also part of the regular show entourage. Cash also enjoyed booking mainstream performers as guests; including Linda Ronstadt in her first TV appearance, Neil Young, Louis Armstrong, Neil Diamond, Kenny Rogers and The First Edition (who appeared four times), James Taylor, Ray Charles, Roger Miller, Roy Orbison, Derek and the Dominos, Joni Mitchell, and Bob Dylan.[83]From September 15–18, 1969, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he performed a series of four concerts at the New Mexico State Fair to promote the first season of The Johnny Cash Show.[84][85] These live shows were produced with help from ABC and local concert producer Bennie Sanchez, during these sets Johnny Cash and Al Hurricane performed together.[86] Also during The Johnny Cash Show era, he contributed the title song and other songs to the film Little Fauss and Big Halsy, which starred Robert Redford, Michael J. Pollard, and Lauren Hutton.[87] The title song, `The Ballad of Little Fauss and Big Halsy`, written by Carl Perkins, was nominated for a Golden Globe award in 1971.[88]Cash had first met with Dylan in the mid-1960s and became neighbors in the late 1960s in Woodstock, New York. Cash was enthusiastic about reintroducing the reclusive Dylan to his audience. Cash sang a duet with Dylan, `Girl from the North Country`, on Dylan`s country album Nashville Skyline and also wrote the album`s Grammy-winning liner notes.Another artist who received a major career boost from The Johnny Cash Show was Kris Kristofferson, who was beginning to make a name for himself as a singer-songwriter. During a live performance of Kristofferson`s `Sunday Mornin` Comin` Down`, Cash refused to change the lyrics to suit network executives, singing the song with its references to marijuana intact:On a Sunday morning sidewalkI`m wishin`, Lord, that I was stoned.[89]The closing program of The Johnny Cash Show was a gospel music special. Guests included the Blackwood Brothers, Mahalia Jackson, Stuart Hamblen, and Billy Graham.[90]The `Man in Black`Cash advocated prison reform at his July 1972 meeting with President Richard NixonBy the early 1970s, Cash had established his public image as the `Man in Black`. He regularly performed in entirely black suits with a long, black, knee-length coat. This outfit stood in contrast to the rhinestone suits and cowboy boots worn by most of the major country acts of his day.Cash performing in Bremen, West Germany, in September 1972Cash said he wore all black on behalf of the poor and hungry, the `prisoner who has long paid for his crime`, and those who have been betrayed by age or drugs.[91] He added, `With the Vietnam War as painful in my mind as it was in most other Americans, I wore it `in mourning` for the lives that could have been` ... Apart from the Vietnam War being over, I don`t see much reason to change my position ... The old are still neglected, the poor are still poor, the young are still dying before their time, and we`re not making many moves to make things right. There`s still plenty of darkness to carry off.`[91]Cash in the `one piece at a time` CadillacInitially, he and his band had worn black shirts because that was the only matching color they had among their various outfits. He wore other colors on stage early in his career, but he claimed to like wearing black both on and off stage. He stated that political reasons aside, he simply liked black as his on-stage color.[11] The outdated US Navy`s winter blue uniform used to be referred to by sailors as `Johnny Cashes`, as the uniform`s shirt, tie, and trousers are solid black.[92]In the mid-1970s, Cash`s popularity and number of hit songs began to decline. He made commercials for Amoco and STP, an unpopular enterprise at the time of the 1970s energy crisis. In 1976, he made commercials for Lionel Trains, for which he also wrote the music.[93] However, his first autobiography, Man in Black, was published in 1975 and sold 1.3 million copies. A second, Cash: The Autobiography, appeared in 1997.Cash`s friendship with Billy Graham[94] led to his production of a film about the life of Jesus, Gospel Road: A Story of Jesus, which Cash co-wrote and narrated. It was released in 1973. Cash viewed the film as a statement of his personal faith rather than a means of proselytizing.[95]Cash and June Carter Cash appeared several times on the Billy Graham Crusade TV specials, and Cash continued to include gospel and religious songs on many of his albums, though Columbia declined to release A Believer Sings the Truth, a gospel double-LP Cash recorded in 1979 and which ended up being released on an independent label even with Cash still under contract to Columbia. On November 22, 1974, CBS ran his one-hour TV special entitled Riding The Rails, a musical history of trains.He continued to appear on television, hosting Christmas specials on CBS in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Later television appearances included a starring role in an episode of Columbo, entitled `Swan Song`. June and he appeared in an episode of Little House on the Prairie, entitled `The Collection`. He gave a performance as abolitionist John Brown in the 1985 American Civil War television miniseries North and South. In the 1990s, Johnny and June appeared in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman in recurring roles.He was friendly with every US president, starting with Richard Nixon. He was closest to Jimmy Carter, with whom he became close friends and who was a distant cousin of his wife, June.[96]When invited to perform at the White House for the first time in 1970,[97] Richard Nixon`s office requested that he play `Okie from Muskogee` (a satirical Merle Haggard song about people who despised hippies, young drug users and Vietnam war protesters), `Welfare Cadillac` (a Guy Drake song which chastises the integrity of welfare recipients), and `A Boy Named Sue`. Cash declined to play the first two and instead selected other songs, including `The Ballad of Ira Hayes` and his own compositions, `What Is Truth` and `Man in Black`. Cash wrote that the reasons for denying Nixon`s song choices were not knowing them and having fairly short notice to rehearse them, rather than any political reason.[98] However, Cash added, even if Nixon`s office had given Cash enough time to learn and rehearse the songs, their choice of pieces that conveyed `antihippie and antiblack` sentiments might have backfired.[99] In his remarks when introducing Cash, Nixon joked that one thing he had learned about him was one did not tell him what to sing.[100]Johnny Cash was the grand marshal of the United States Bicentennial parade.[101] He wore a shirt from Nudie Cohn which sold for $25,000 in auction in 2010.[102] After the parade he gave a concert at the Washington Monument.[103]Highwaymen and departure from Columbia RecordsThe Highwaymen members Kris Kristofferson, Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Willie NelsonIn 1980, Cash became the Country Music Hall of Fame`s youngest living inductee at age 48, but during the 1980s, his records failed to make a major impact on the country charts, although he continued to tour successfully. In the mid-1980s, he recorded and toured with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson as The Highwaymen, making three hit albums, which were released beginning with the originally titled Highwayman in 1985, followed by Highwaymen 2 in 1990, and concluding with Highwaymen – The Road Goes On Forever in 1995.During that period, Cash appeared in a number of television films. In 1981, he starred in The Pride of Jesse Hallam, winning fine reviews for a film that called attention to adult illiteracy. In 1983, he appeared as a heroic sheriff in Murder in Coweta County, based on a real-life Georgia murder case, which co-starred Andy Griffith as his nemesis.Cash relapsed into addiction after being administered painkillers for a serious abdominal injury in 1983 caused by an incident in which he was kicked and wounded by an ostrich on his farm.[104]At a hospital visit in 1988, this time to watch over Waylon Jennings (who was recovering from a heart attack), Jennings suggested that Cash have himself checked into the hospital for his own heart condition. Doctors recommended preventive heart surgery, and Cash underwent double bypass surgery in the same hospital. Both recovered, although Cash refused to use any prescription painkillers, fearing a relapse into dependency. Cash later claimed that during his operation, he had what is called a `near-death experience`.In 1984, Cash released a self-parody recording titled `The Chicken in Black` about Cash`s brain being transplanted into a chicken and Cash receiving a bank robber`s brain in return. Biographer Robert Hilburn, in his 2013 book Johnny Cash: The Life, disputes the claim made that Cash chose to record an intentionally poor song in protest of Columbia`s treatment of him. On the contrary, Hilburn writes, it was Columbia that presented Cash with the song, which Cash – who had previously scored major chart hits with comedic material such as `A Boy Named Sue` and `One Piece at a Time` – accepted enthusiastically, performing the song live on stage and filming a comedic music video in which he dresses up in a superhero-like bank-robber costume. According to Hilburn, Cash`s enthusiasm for the song waned after Waylon Jennings told Cash he looked `like a buffoon` in the music video (which was showcased during Cash`s 1984 Christmas TV special), and Cash subsequently demanded that Columbia withdraw the music video from broadcast and recall the single from stores—interrupting its bona fide chart success—and termed the venture `a fiasco.`[105]Between 1981 and 1984, he recorded several sessions with famed countrypolitan producer Billy Sherrill (who also produced `The Chicken in Black`), which were shelved; they would be released by Columbia`s sister label, Legacy Recordings, in 2014 as Out Among the Stars.[106] Around this time, Cash also recorded an album of gospel recordings that ended up being released by another label around the time of his departure from Columbia (this due to Columbia closing down its Priority Records division that was to have released the recordings).After more unsuccessful recordings were released between 1984 and 1985, Cash left Columbia.In 1986, Cash returned to Sun Studios in Memphis to team up with Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins to create the album Class of `55; according to Hilburn, Columbia still had Cash under contract at the time, so special arrangements had to be made to allow him to participate.[107] Also in 1986, Cash published his only novel, Man in White, a book about Saul and his conversion to become the Apostle Paul. He recorded Johnny Cash Reads The Complete New Testament in 1990.American RecordingsJohnny Cash sings with a Navy lieutenant during a military event c. January 1987After Columbia Records dropped Cash from his recording contract, he had a short and unsuccessful stint with Mercury Records from 1987 to 1991. During this time, he recorded an album of new versions of some of his best-known Sun and Columbia hits, as well as Water from the Wells of Home, a duets album that paired him with, among others, his children Rosanne Cash and John Carter Cash, as well as Paul McCartney. A one-off Christmas album recorded for Delta Records followed his Mercury contract.Though Cash would never have another chart hit from 1991 until his death, his career was rejuvenated in the 1990s, leading to popularity with an audience which was not traditionally considered interested in country music. In 1988, British post-punk musicians Marc Riley (formerly of the Fall) and Jon Langford (the Mekons) put together `Til Things Are Brighter, a tribute album featuring mostly British-based indie-rock acts` interpretations of Cash`s songs. Cash was enthusiastic about the project, telling Langford that it was a `morale booster`; Rosanne Cash later said `he felt a real connection with those musicians and very validated ... It was very good for him: he was in his element. He absolutely understood what they were tapping into, and loved it`. The album attracted press attention on both sides of the Atlantic.[108] In 1991, he sang a version of `Man in Black` for the Christian punk band One Bad Pig`s album I Scream Sunday. In 1993, he sang `The Wanderer`, the closing track of U2`s album Zooropa. According to Rolling Stone writer Adam Gold, `The Wanderer` – written for Cash by Bono, `defies both the U2 and Cash canons, combining rhythmic and textural elements of Nineties synth-pop with a Countrypolitan lament fit for the closing credits of a Seventies western.`[109]No longer sought-after by major labels, he was offered a contract with producer Rick Rubin`s American Recordings label, which had recently been rebranded from Def American, under which name it was better known for rap and hard rock. Under Rubin`s supervision, he recorded American Recordings (1994) in his living room, accompanied only by his Martin Dreadnought guitar – one of many Cash played throughout his career.[110] The album featured covers of contemporary artists selected by Rubin. The album had a great deal of critical and commercial success, winning a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album. Cash wrote that his reception at the 1994 Glastonbury Festival was one of the highlights of his career. This was the beginning of a decade of music industry accolades and commercial success. He teamed up with Brooks & Dunn to contribute `Folsom Prison Blues` to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. On the same album, he performed Bob Dylan`s `Forever Young.`[citation needed]Cash and his wife appeared on a number of episodes of the television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. He also lent his voice for a cameo role in The Simpsons episode `El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)`, as the `Space Coyote` that guides Homer Simpson on a spiritual quest.Cash was joined by guitarist Kim Thayil of Soundgarden, bassist Krist Novoselic of Nirvana, and drummer Sean Kinney of Alice in Chains for a cover of Willie Nelson`s `Time of the Preacher`, featured on the tribute album Twisted Willie, released in January 1996.[111]In 1996, Cash collaborated with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on Unchained (also known as American Recordings II), which won the Best Country Album Grammy in 1998. The album was produced by Rick Rubin with Sylvia Massy engineering and mixing. A majority of Unchained was recorded at Sound City Studios and featured guest appearances by Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, and Marty Stuart. Believing he did not explain enough of himself in his 1975 autobiography Man in Black, he wrote Cash: The Autobiography in 1997.Later years and deathCash with President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush in 2002In 1997, during a trip to New York City, Cash was diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease Shy–Drager syndrome, a form of multiple system atrophy.[112] According to biographer Robert Hilburn, the disease was originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson`s disease, and Cash even announced to his audience that he had Parkinson`s after nearly collapsing on stage in Flint, Michigan, on October 25, 1997. Soon afterwards, his diagnosis was changed to Shy–Drager, and Cash was told he had about 18 months to live.[113] The diagnosis was later again altered to autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes. The illness forced Cash to curtail his touring. He was hospitalized in 1998 with severe pneumonia, which damaged his lungs.During the last stage of his career, Cash released the albums American III: Solitary Man (2000) and American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002). American IV included cover songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably `Hurt` by Nine Inch Nails and `Personal Jesus` by Depeche Mode.[114] Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails commented that he was initially skeptical about Cash`s plan to cover `Hurt`, but was later impressed and moved by the rendition.[115] The video for `Hurt` received critical and popular acclaim, including a Grammy Award.[116][117]June Carter Cash died on May 15, 2003, aged 73.[118] June had told Cash to keep working, so he continued to record, completing 60 songs in the last four months of his life. He even performed surprise shows at the Carter Family Fold outside Bristol, Virginia. At the July 5, 2003, concert (his last public performance), before singing `Ring of Fire`, Cash read a statement that he had written shortly before taking the stage:The spirit of June Carter overshadows me tonight with the love she had for me and the love I have for her. We connect somewhere between here and Heaven. She came down for a short visit, I guess, from Heaven to visit with me tonight to give me courage and inspiration like she always has. She`s never been one for me except courage and inspiration. I thank God for June Carter. I love her with all my heart.Cash continued to record until shortly before his death. `When June died, it tore him up`, Rick Rubin recalled. `He said to me, `You have to keep me working because I will die if I don`t have something to do.` He was in a wheelchair by then and we set him up at his home in Virginia… I couldn`t listen to those recordings for two years after he died and it was heartbreaking when we did.`[119] Cash`s final recordings were made on August 21, 2003, and consisted of `Like the 309`, which appeared on American V: A Hundred Highways in 2006, and the final song he completed, `Engine 143`, recorded for his son John Carter Cash`s planned Carter Family tribute album.[120]Cash`s grave located at Hendersonville Memory Gardens in Hendersonville, TennesseeWhile being hospitalized at Baptist Hospital in Nashville, Cash died of complications from diabetes at around 2:00 am Central Time on September 12, 2003, aged 71—less than four months after his wife. He was buried next to her at Hendersonville Memory Gardens near his home in Hendersonville, Tennessee.Personal lifeCash and his second wife, June Carter, in 1969On July 18, 1951, while in Air Force basic training, Cash met 17-year-old Italian-American Vivian Liberto at a roller skating rink in San Antonio, Texas.[121] They dated for three weeks until Cash was deployed to West Germany for a three-year tour. During that time, the couple exchanged hundreds of love letters.[122] On August 7, 1954, one month after his discharge, they were married at St. Ann`s Roman Catholic Church in San Antonio. They had four daughters: Rosanne, Kathy, Cindy, and Tara. In 1961, Cash moved his family to a hilltop home overlooking Casitas Springs, California. He had previously moved his parents to the area to run a small trailer park called the Johnny Cash Trailer Park. His drinking led to several run-ins with local law enforcement. Liberto later said that she had filed for divorce in 1966 because of Cash`s severe drug and alcohol abuse, as well as his constant touring, his repeated acts of adultery with other women, and his close relationship with singer June Carter. Their four daughters were then raised by their mother.Cash met June of the famed Carter Family while on tour, and the two became infatuated with each other. In 1968, thirteen years after they first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry, Cash proposed to June, during a live performance in London, Ontario.[123] The couple married on March 1, 1968, in Franklin, Kentucky. They had one child together, John Carter Cash, born March 3, 1970. He was the only son for both Johnny and June. In addition to having his four daughters and John Carter, Cash also became stepfather to Carlene and Rosie, June`s daughters from her first two marriages, to, respectively, honky-tonk singer Carl Smith, and former police officer, football player, and race-car driver Edwin `Rip` Nix. Cash and Carter continued to work, raise their child, create music, and tour together for 35 years until June`s death in May 2003. Throughout their marriage, June attempted to keep Cash off amphetamines, often taking his drugs and flushing them down the toilet. June remained with him even throughout his multiple admissions for rehabilitation treatment and decades of drug addiction. After June`s death in May 2003, Cash believed that his only reason for living was his music; he died only four months later.[124]Religious beliefsCash was raised by his parents in the Southern Baptist denomination of Christianity. He was baptized in 1944 in the Tyronza River as a member of the Central Baptist Church of Dyess, Arkansas.[125]A troubled but devout Christian,[126][127] Cash has been characterized as a `lens through which to view American contradictions and challenges.`[e][129][130] On May 9, 1971, he answered the altar call at Evangel Temple, an Assemblies of God congregation pastored by Jimmie R. Snow, with outreach to people in the music world.[131]Cash penned a Christian novel, Man in White, in 1986, and in the introduction writes about a reporter, who, interested in Cash`s religious beliefs, questioned whether the book is written from a Baptist, Catholic, or Jewish perspective. Cash replied, `I`m a Christian. Don`t put me in another box.`[132][133][134][135]In the mid-1970s, Cash and his wife, June, completed a course of study in the Bible through Christian International Bible College, culminating in a pilgrimage to Israel in November 1978.[66]: 66  Around that time, he was ordained as a minister, and officiated at his daughter`s wedding.[136] He often performed at Billy Graham Crusades. At a Tallahassee Crusade in 1986, June and Johnny sang his song `One of These Days I`m Gonna Sit Down and Talk to Paul`.[137] At a performance in Arkansas in 1989, Johnny Cash spoke to attendees of his commitment to the salvation of drug dealers and alcoholics. He then sang, `Family Bible`.[138]He recorded several gospel albums and made a spoken-word recording of the entire New King James Version of the New Testament.[139][140] Cash declared he was `the biggest sinner of them all`, and viewed himself overall as a complicated and contradictory man.[141][f] Accordingly,[g] Cash is said to have `contained multitudes`, and has been deemed `the philosopher-prince of American country music.`[145][146]Cash is credited with having converted actor and singer John Schneider to Christianity.[147]LegacyThe clothes and guitar of Johnny Cash on exhibit in the Artist Gallery of the Musical Instrument Museum of PhoenixCash nurtured and defended artists (such as Bob Dylan[49]) on the fringes of what was acceptable in country music even while serving as the country music establishment`s most visible symbol. At an all-star concert which aired in 1999 on TNT, a diverse group of artists paid him tribute, including Dylan, Chris Isaak, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, Dom DeLuise, and U2. Cash himself appeared at the end and performed for the first time in more than a year. Two tribute albums were released shortly before his death; Kindred Spirits contains works from established artists, while Dressed in Black contains works from many lesser-known musicians.In total, he wrote over 1,000 songs and released dozens of albums. A box set titled Unearthed was issued posthumously. It included four CDs of unreleased material recorded with Rubin, as well as a Best of Cash on American retrospective CD. The set also includes a 104-page book that discusses each track and features one of Cash`s final interviews.[148]In 1999, Cash received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cash number 31 on their `100 Greatest Artists of All Time` list[149][150] and No. 21 on their `100 Greatest Singers` list in 2010.[151] In 2012, Rolling Stone ranked Cash`s 1968 live album At Folsom Prison and 1994 studio album American Recordings at No. 88[152] and No. 366[153] in its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.In recognition of his lifelong support of SOS Children`s Villages, his family invited friends and fans to donate to the Johnny Cash Memorial Fund in his memory. He had a personal link with the SOS village in Dießen, at the Ammersee Lake in Bavaria, near where he was stationed as a GI, and with the SOS village in Barrett Town, by Montego Bay, near his holiday home in Jamaica.[154][155]In January 2006, Cash`s lakeside home on Caudill Drive in Hendersonville was sold to Bee Gees vocalist Barry Gibb and wife Linda for $2.3 million. On April 10, 2007, during major renovation works carried out for Gibb, a fire broke out at the house, spreading quickly due to a flammable wood preservative that had been used. The building was completely destroyed.[156]One of Cash`s final collaborations with producer Rick Rubin, American V: A Hundred Highways, was released posthumously on July 4, 2006. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard Top 200 album chart for the week ending July 22, 2006. On February 23, 2010, three days before what would have been Cash`s 78th birthday, the Cash Family, Rick Rubin, and Lost Highway Records released his second posthumous record, titled American VI: Ain`t No Grave.The main street in Hendersonville, Tennessee, Highway 31E, is known as `Johnny Cash Parkway`.[157] The Johnny Cash Museum, located in one of Cash`s properties in Hendersonville until 2006, dubbed the House of Cash, was sold based on Cash`s will. Prior to this, having been closed for a number of years, the museum had been featured in Cash`s music video for `Hurt`. The house subsequently burned down during the renovation by the new owner. A new museum, founded by Shannon and Bill Miller, opened April 26, 2013, in downtown Nashville.[158]On November 2–4, 2007, the Johnny Cash Flower Pickin` Festival was held in Starkville, Mississippi, where Cash had been arrested more than 40 years earlier and held overnight at the city jail on May 11, 1965. The incident inspired Cash to write the song `Starkville City Jail`. The festival, where he was offered a symbolic posthumous pardon, honored Cash`s life and music, and was expected to become an annual event.[159]JC Unit One, Johnny Cash`s private tour bus from 1980 until 2003, was put on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, in 2007. The museum offers public tours of the bus on a seasonal basis (it is stored during the winter and not exhibited during those times).[160]A limited-edition Forever stamp honoring Cash went on sale June 5, 2013. The stamp features a promotional picture of Cash taken around the 1963 release of Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash.[161]On October 14, 2014, the City of Folsom unveiled phase 1 of the Johnny Cash Trail to the public with a dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Rosanne Cash. Along the trail, eight larger-than-life public art pieces will tell the story of Johnny Cash, his connection to Folsom Prison, and his epic musical career. The Johnny Cash Trail features art selected by a committee that included Cindy Cash, a 2-acre (0.81 ha) Legacy Park, and over 3 miles (4.8 km) of multi-use class-I bike trail. The artists responsible for the sculptures are Sacramento-based Romo Studios, LLC and the Fine Art Studio of Rotblatt Amrany, from Illinois.[162]In 2015, a new species of black tarantula was identified near Folsom Prison and named Aphonopelma johnnycashi in his honor.In 2016, the Nashville Sounds Minor League Baseball team added the `Country Legends Race` to its between-innings entertainment. At the middle of the fifth inning, people in oversized foam caricature costumes depicting Cash, as well as George Jones, Reba McEntire, and Dolly Parton, race around the warning track at First Horizon Park from center field to the home plate side of the first base dugout.[163]On February 8, 2018, the album Forever Words was announced, putting music to poems that Cash had written and which were published in book form in 2016.[164]Johnny Cash`s boyhood home in Dyess was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 2018, as `Farm No. 266, Johnny Cash Boyhood Home.`[30]The Arkansas Country Music Awards honored Johnny Cash`s legacy with the Lifetime Achievement award on June 3, 2018. The ceremony was held that same date, which was a Monday night at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas. The nominations took place in early 2018.[165][166]In 2019, Sheryl Crow released a duet with Cash on her song `Redemption Day` for her final album Threads. Crow, who had originally written and recorded the song in 1996, recorded new vocals and added them to those of Cash, who recorded the song for his American VI: Ain`t No Grave album.[167]In April 2019, it was announced that the state of Arkansas would place a statue of Cash in the National Statuary Hall in an effort to represent the modern history of Arkansas. The Governor of Arkansas, Asa Hutchinson, stated that Cash`s contributions to music made him an appropriate figure to tell the story of the state.[168]PortrayalsCountry singer Mark Collie portrayed Cash in John Lloyd Miller`s award-winning 1999 short film I Still Miss Someone.In November 2005, Walk the Line, a biographical film about Cash`s life, was released in the United States to considerable commercial success and critical acclaim. The film featured Joaquin Phoenix as Johnny (for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor) and Reese Witherspoon as June (for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress). Phoenix and Witherspoon also won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy and Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy, respectively. They both performed their own vocals in the film (with their version of `Jackson` being released as a single), and Phoenix learned to play guitar for the role. Phoenix received a Grammy Award for his contributions to the soundtrack. John Carter Cash, the son of Johnny and June, served as an executive producer.On March 12, 2006, Ring of Fire, a jukebox musical of the Cash oeuvre, debuted on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theater, but closed due to harsh reviews and disappointing sales on April 30. Million Dollar Quartet, a musical portraying the early Sun recording sessions involving Cash, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins, debuted on Broadway on April 11, 2010. Actor Lance Guest portrayed Cash. The musical was nominated for three awards at the 2010 Tony Awards and won one.Robert Hilburn, veteran Los Angeles Times pop music critic, the journalist who accompanied Cash in his 1968 Folsom prison tour, and interviewed Cash many times throughout his life including months before his death, published a 688-page biography with 16 pages of photographs in 2013.[169] The meticulously reported biography is said to have filled in the 80% of Cash`s life that was unknown, including details about Cash`s battles with addiction and infidelity.[170][56][171]Awards and honorsFor detailed lists of music awards, see List of awards received by Johnny Cash.If there were a hall of fame for creating larger-than-life personae, Cash would no doubt have been elected to it as well. His 1971 song `Man in Black` codified an image that the singer had assumed naturally for more than fifteen years at that point. Part rural preacher, part outlaw Robin Hood, he was a blue-collar prophet who, dressed in stark contrast to the glinting rhinestones and shimmering psychedelia of the time, spoke truth to power.—Johnny Cash: Remembering the Incomparable Legend of Country, Rock and Roll, Rolling Stone.[172]Cash received multiple Country Music Association Awards, Grammys, and other awards, in categories ranging from vocal and spoken performances to album notes and videos. In a career that spanned almost five decades, Cash was the personification of country music to many people around the world. Cash was a musician who was not defined by a single genre. He recorded songs that could be considered rock and roll, blues, rockabilly, folk, and gospel, and exerted an influence on each of those genres.His diversity was evidenced by his presence in five major music halls of fame: the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame (1977), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1980), the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1992), GMA`s Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2010). and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame (2013).[173][174] Marking his death in 2003, Rolling Stone stated other than Elvis Presley Cash was the only artist inducted as a performer into both the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[172]His contributions to the genre have been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.[175] Cash received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1996 and stated that his induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980 was his greatest professional achievement. In 2001, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[176] `Hurt` was nominated for six VMAs at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. The only VMA the video won was that for Best Cinematography. With the video, Johnny Cash became the oldest artist ever nominated for an MTV Video Music Award.[177] Justin Timberlake, who won Best Video that year for `Cry Me a River`, said in his acceptance speech: `This is a travesty! I demand a recount. My grandfather raised me on Johnny Cash, and I think he deserves this more than any of us in here tonight.`[178]DiscographyMain articles: Johnny Cash albums discography, Johnny Cash singles discography, and Johnny Cash Sun Records discographySee also: List of songs recorded by Johnny CashJohnny Cash with His Hot and Blue Guitar! (1957)The Fabulous Johnny Cash (1958)Hymns by Johnny Cash (1959)Songs of Our Soil (1959)Now, There Was a Song! (1960)Ride This Train (1960)Hymns from the Heart (1962)The Sound of Johnny Cash (1962)Blood, Sweat and Tears (1963)The Christmas Spirit (1963)Keep on the Sunny Side (with the Carter Family) (1964)I Walk the Line (1964)Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian (1964)Orange Blossom Special (1965)Johnny Cash Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965)Everybody Loves a Nut (1966)Happiness Is You (1966)Carryin` On with Johnny Cash & June Carter (with June Carter) (1967)From Sea to Shining Sea (1968)The Holy Land (1969)Hello, I`m Johnny Cash (1970)Man in Black (1971)A Thing Called Love (1972)America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song (1972)The Johnny Cash Family Christmas (1972)Any Old Wind That Blows (1973)Johnny Cash and His Woman (with June Carter Cash) (1973)Ragged Old Flag (1974)The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me (1974)The Johnny Cash Children`s Album (1975)Johnny Cash Sings Precious Memories (1975)John R. Cash (1975)Look at Them Beans (1975)One Piece at a Time (1976)The Last Gunfighter Ballad (1977)The Rambler (1977)I Would Like to See You Again (1978)Gone Girl (1978)Silver (1979)A Believer Sings the Truth (1979)Johnny Cash Sings with the BC Goodpasture Christian School (1979)Rockabilly Blues (1980)Classic Christmas (1980)The Baron (1981)The Adventures of Johnny Cash (1982)Johnny 99 (1983)Highwayman (with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1985)Rainbow (1985)Heroes (with Waylon Jennings) (1986)Class of `55 (with Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis & Carl Perkins) (1986)Believe in Him (1986)Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town (1987)Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series (1988)Water from the Wells of Home (1988)Boom Chicka Boom (1990)Highwayman 2 (with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1990)The Mystery of Life (1991)Country Christmas (1991)American Recordings (1994)The Road Goes on Forever (with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1995)American II: Unchained (1996)American III: Solitary Man (2000)American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002)My Mother`s Hymn Book (2004)American V: A Hundred Highways (2006)American VI: Ain`t No Grave (2010)Out Among the Stars (2014)Džoni Keš

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The Collected Poems of W.B. YeatsIntroduction by Cedric WattsWordsworth, 1994.Mek povez, 402 strane.William Butler Yeats[a] (13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist and writer, and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival, and along with Lady Gregory founded the Abbey Theatre, serving as its chief during its early years. He was awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature, and later served two terms as a Senator of the Irish Free State.A Protestant of Anglo-Irish descent, Yeats was born in Sandymount, Ireland. His father practised law and was a successful portrait painter. He was educated in Dublin and London and spent his childhood holidays in County Sligo. He studied poetry from an early age, when he became fascinated by Irish legends and the occult. While in London he became part of the Irish literary revival. His early poetry was influenced by John Keats, William Wordsworth, William Blake and many more. These topics feature in the first phase of his work, lasting roughly from his student days at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin until the turn of the century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889, and its slow-paced and lyrical poems display debts to Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley and the poets of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.From 1900 his poetry grew more physical, realistic and politicised. He moved away from the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with some elements including cyclical theories of life. He had become the chief playwright for the Irish Literary Theatre in 1897, and early on promoted younger poets such as Ezra Pound. His major works include The Land of Heart`s Desire (1894), Cathleen ni Houlihan (1902), Deirdre (1907), The Wild Swans at Coole (1919), The Tower (1928) and Last Poems and Plays (1940).BiographyEarly yearsWilliam Butler Yeats was born in Sandymount in County Dublin, Ireland.[1] His father, John Butler Yeats (1839–1922), was a descendant of Jervis Yeats, a Williamite soldier, linen merchant, and well-known painter, who died in 1712.[2] Benjamin Yeats, Jervis`s grandson and William`s great-great-grandfather, had in 1773[3] married Mary Butler[4] of a landed family in County Kildare.[5] Following their marriage, they kept the name Butler. Mary was of the Butler of Neigham (pronounced Nyam[needs IPA]) Gowran family, descended from an illegitimate brother of The 8th Earl of Ormond.[6]At the time of his marriage, his father, John, was studying law but later pursued art studies at Heatherley School of Fine Art, in London.[7] William`s mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen, from Sligo, came from a wealthy merchant family, who owned a milling and shipping business. Soon after William`s birth, the family relocated to the Pollexfen home at Merville, Sligo, to stay with her extended family, and the young poet came to think of the area as his childhood and spiritual home. Its landscape became, over time, both personally and symbolically, his `country of the heart`.[8] So too did its location by the sea; John Yeats stated that `by marriage with a Pollexfen, we have given a tongue to the sea cliffs`.[9] The Butler Yeats family were highly artistic; his brother Jack became an esteemed painter, while his sisters Elizabeth and Susan Mary—known to family and friends as Lollie and Lily—became involved in the Arts and Crafts movement.[10] Their cousin Ruth Pollexfen, who was raised by the Yeats sisters after her parents` separation, designed the interior of the Australian prime minister`s official residence.[11]Yeats was raised a member of the Protestant Ascendancy, which was at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. While his family was supportive of the changes Ireland was experiencing, the nationalist revival of the late 19th century directly disadvantaged his heritage and informed his outlook for the remainder of his life. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleon`s dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty `is manifestly true of W.B.Y.`[12] Yeats`s childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power-shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy. The 1880s saw the rise of Charles Stewart Parnell and the home rule movement; the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism, while the Irish Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments had a profound effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his country`s biography.[13]In 1867, the family moved to England to aid their father, John, to further his career as an artist. At first, the Yeats children were educated at home. Their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an erratic education in geography and chemistry and took William on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside.[14] On 26 January 1877, the young poet entered the Godolphin School,[15] which he attended for four years. He did not distinguish himself academically, and an early school report describes his performance as `only fair. Perhaps better in Latin than in any other subject. Very poor in spelling`.[16] Though he had difficulty with mathematics and languages (possibly because he was tone deaf[17] and had dyslexia[18]), he was fascinated by biology and zoology. In 1879 the family moved to Bedford Park taking a two-year lease at 8 Woodstock Road.[19] For financial reasons, the family returned to Dublin toward the end of 1880, living at first in the suburbs of Harold`s Cross[20] and later in Howth. In October 1881, Yeats resumed his education at Dublin`s Erasmus Smith High School.[21] His father`s studio was nearby and William spent a great deal of time there, where he met many of the city`s artists and writers. During this period he started writing poetry, and, in 1885, the Dublin University Review published Yeats`s first poems, as well as an essay entitled `The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson`. Between 1884 and 1886, William attended the Metropolitan School of Art—now the National College of Art and Design—in Thomas Street.[1] In March 1888 the family moved to 3 Blenheim Road in Bedford Park [22] where they would remain until 1902.[19] The rent on the house in 1888 was £50 a year.[19]He began writing his first works when he was seventeen; these included a poem—heavily influenced by Percy Bysshe Shelley—that describes a magician who set up a throne in central Asia. Other pieces from this period include a draft of a play about a bishop, a monk, and a woman accused of paganism by local shepherds, as well as love-poems and narrative lyrics on German knights. The early works were both conventional and, according to the critic Charles Johnston, `utterly unIrish`, seeming to come out of a `vast murmurous gloom of dreams`.[23] Although Yeats`s early works drew heavily on Shelley, Edmund Spenser, and on the diction and colouring of pre-Raphaelite verse, he soon turned to Irish mythology and folklore and the writings of William Blake. In later life, Yeats paid tribute to Blake by describing him as one of the `great artificers of God who uttered great truths to a little clan`.[24] In 1891, Yeats published John Sherman and `Dhoya`, one a novella, the other a story. The influence of Oscar Wilde is evident in Yeats`s theory of aesthetics, especially in his stage plays, and runs like a motif through his early works.[25] The theory of masks, developed by Wilde in his polemic The Decay of Lying can clearly be seen in Yeats`s play The Player Queen,[26] while the more sensual characterisation of Salomé, in Wilde`s play of the same name, provides the template for the changes Yeats made in his later plays, especially in On Baile`s Strand (1904), Deirdre (1907), and his dance play The King of the Great Clock Tower (1934).[27]Young poet1900 portrait by Yeats`s father, John Butler YeatsThe family returned to London in 1887. In March 1890 Yeats joined the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and with Ernest Rhys co-founded the Rhymers` Club,[28] a group of London-based poets who met regularly in a Fleet Street tavern to recite their verse. Yeats later sought to mythologize the collective, calling it the `Tragic Generation` in his autobiography,[29] and published two anthologies of the Rhymers` work, the first one in 1892 and the second one in 1894. He collaborated with Edwin Ellis on the first complete edition of William Blake`s works, in the process rediscovering a forgotten poem, `Vala, or, the Four Zoas`.[30][31]Yeats had a lifelong interest in mysticism, spiritualism, occultism and astrology. He read extensively on the subjects throughout his life, became a member of the paranormal research organisation `The Ghost Club` (in 1911) and was influenced by the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg.[32] As early as 1892, he wrote: `If I had not made magic my constant study I could not have written a single word of my Blake book, nor would The Countess Kathleen ever have come to exist. The mystical life is the centre of all that I do and all that I think and all that I write.`[33] His mystical interests—also inspired by a study of Hinduism, under the Theosophist Mohini Chatterjee, and the occult—formed much of the basis of his late poetry. Some critics disparaged this aspect of Yeats`s work.[34]His first significant poem was `The Island of Statues`, a fantasy work that took Edmund Spenser and Shelley for its poetic models. The piece was serialized in the Dublin University Review. Yeats wished to include it in his first collection, but it was deemed too long, and in fact, was never republished in his lifetime. Quinx Books published the poem in complete form for the first time in 2014. His first solo publication was the pamphlet Mosada: A Dramatic Poem (1886), which comprised a print run of 100 copies paid for by his father. This was followed by the collection The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889), which arranged a series of verse that dated as far back as the mid-1880s. The long title poem contains, in the words of his biographer R. F. Foster, `obscure Gaelic names, striking repetitions [and] an unremitting rhythm subtly varied as the poem proceeded through its three sections`:[35]We rode in sorrow, with strong hounds three,Bran, Sceolan, and Lomair,On a morning misty and mild and fair.The mist-drops hung on the fragrant trees,And in the blossoms hung the bees.We rode in sadness above Lough Lean,For our best were dead on Gavra`s green.`The Wanderings of Oisin` is based on the lyrics of the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology and displays the influence of both Sir Samuel Ferguson and the Pre-Raphaelite poets.[36] The poem took two years to complete and was one of the few works from this period that he did not disown in his maturity. Oisin introduces what was to become one of his most important themes: the appeal of the life of contemplation over the appeal of the life of action. Following the work, Yeats never again attempted another long poem. His other early poems, which are meditations on the themes of love or mystical and esoteric subjects, include Poems (1895), The Secret Rose (1897), and The Wind Among the Reeds (1899). The covers of these volumes were illustrated by Yeats`s friend Althea Gyles.[37]During 1885, Yeats was involved in the formation of the Dublin Hermetic Order. That year the Dublin Theosophical lodge was opened in conjunction with Brahmin Mohini Chatterjee, who travelled from the Theosophical Society in London to lecture. Yeats attended his first séance the following year. He later became heavily involved with the Theosophy and with hermeticism, particularly with the eclectic Rosicrucianism of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. During séances held from 1912, a spirit calling itself `Leo Africanus` apparently claimed it was Yeats`s Daemon or anti-self, inspiring some of the speculations in Per Amica Silentia Lunae.[38] He was admitted into the Golden Dawn in March 1890 and took the magical motto Daemon est Deus inversus—translated as `Devil is God inverted`.[b] He was an active recruiter for the sect`s Isis-Urania Temple, and brought in his uncle George Pollexfen, Maud Gonne, and Florence Farr. Although he reserved a distaste for abstract and dogmatic religions founded around personality cults, he was attracted to the type of people he met at the Golden Dawn.[39] He was involved in the Order`s power struggles, both with Farr and Macgregor Mathers, and was involved when Mathers sent Aleister Crowley to repossess Golden Dawn paraphernalia during the `Battle of Blythe Road`. After the Golden Dawn ceased and splintered into various offshoots, Yeats remained with the Stella Matutina until 1921.[40]Maud GonneMain article: Maud GonneMaud Gonne (c. 1900)In 1889, Yeats met Maud Gonne, a 23-year-old English heiress and ardent Irish nationalist.[c] She was eighteen months younger than Yeats and later claimed she met the poet as a `paint-stained art student.`[41] Gonne admired `The Island of Statues` and sought out his acquaintance. Yeats began an obsessive infatuation, and she had a significant and lasting effect on his poetry and his life thereafter.[42] In later years he admitted, `it seems to me that she [Gonne] brought into my life those days—for as yet I saw only what lay upon the surface—the middle of the tint, a sound as of a Burmese gong, an over-powering tumult that had yet many pleasant secondary notes.`[43] Yeats`s love was unrequited, in part due to his reluctance to participate in her nationalist activism.[44]In 1891 he visited Gonne in Ireland and proposed marriage, but was rejected. He later admitted that from that point `the troubling of my life began`.[45] Yeats proposed to Gonne three more times: in 1899, 1900 and 1901. She refused each proposal, and in 1903, to his dismay, married the Irish nationalist Major John MacBride.[46] His only other love affair during this period was with Olivia Shakespear, whom he first met in 1894, and parted from in 1897.W. B. Yeats (no date)Yeats derided MacBride in letters and in poetry. He was horrified by Gonne`s marriage, at losing his muse to another man; in addition, her conversion to Catholicism before marriage offended him; Yeats was Protestant/agnostic. He worried his muse would come under the influence of the priests and do their bidding.[47]Gonne`s marriage to MacBride was a disaster. This pleased Yeats, as Gonne began to visit him in London. After the birth of her son, Seán MacBride, in 1904, Gonne and MacBride agreed to end the marriage, although they were unable to agree on the child`s welfare. Despite the use of intermediaries, a divorce case ensued in Paris in 1905. Gonne made a series of allegations against her husband with Yeats as her main `second`, though he did not attend court or travel to France. A divorce was not granted, for the only accusation that held up in court was that MacBride had been drunk once during the marriage. A separation was granted, with Gonne having custody of the baby and MacBride having visiting rights.[48]In 1895, Yeats moved into number 5 Woburn Walk and resided there until 1919.[49]Charcoal portrait of Yeats by John Singer Sargent (1908)Yeats`s friendship with Gonne ended, yet, in Paris in 1908, they finally consummated their relationship. `The long years of fidelity rewarded at last` was how another of his lovers described the event. Yeats was less sentimental and later remarked that `the tragedy of sexual intercourse is the perpetual virginity of the soul.`[45] The relationship did not develop into a new phase after their night together, and soon afterwards Gonne wrote to the poet indicating that despite the physical consummation, they could not continue as they had been: `I have prayed so hard to have all earthly desire taken from my love for you and dearest, loving you as I do, I have prayed and I am praying still that the bodily desire for me may be taken from you too.`[50] By January 1909, Gonne was sending Yeats letters praising the advantage given to artists who abstain from sex. Nearly twenty years later, Yeats recalled the night with Gonne in his poem `A Man Young and Old`:[51]My arms are like the twisted thornAnd yet there beauty lay;The first of all the tribe lay thereAnd did such pleasure take;She who had brought great Hector downAnd put all Troy to wreck.In 1896, Yeats was introduced to Lady Gregory by their mutual friend Edward Martyn. Gregory encouraged Yeats`s nationalism and convinced him to continue focusing on writing drama. Although he was influenced by French Symbolism, Yeats concentrated on an identifiably Irish content and this inclination was reinforced by his involvement with a new generation of younger and emerging Irish authors. Together with Lady Gregory, Martyn, and other writers including J. M. Synge, Seán O`Casey, and Padraic Colum, Yeats was one of those responsible for the establishment of the `Irish Literary Revival` movement.[52] Apart from these creative writers, much of the impetus for the Revival came from the work of scholarly translators who were aiding in the discovery of both the ancient sagas and Ossianic poetry and the more recent folk song tradition in Irish. One of the most significant of these was Douglas Hyde, later the first President of Ireland, whose Love Songs of Connacht was widely admired.Abbey TheatreMain article: Abbey TheatreYeats photographed in 1908 by Alvin Langdon CoburnIn 1899, Yeats, Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and George Moore founded the Irish Literary Theatre to promote Irish plays.[53] The ideals of the Abbey were derived from the avant-garde French theatre, which sought to express the `ascendancy of the playwright rather than the actor-manager à l`anglais.`[54][55] The group`s manifesto, which Yeats wrote, declared, `We hope to find in Ireland an uncorrupted & imaginative audience trained to listen by its passion for oratory ... & that freedom to experiment which is not found in the theatres of England, & without which no new movement in art or literature can succeed.`[56] Yeats`s interest in the classics and his defiance of English censorship were also fueled by a tour of America he took between 1903 and 1904. Stopping to deliver a lecture at the University of Notre Dame, he learned about the student production of the Oedipus Rex.[57] This play was banned in England, an act he viewed as hypocritical as denounced as part of `British Puritanism`.[58] He contrasted this with the artistic freedom of the Catholicism found at Notre Dame, which had allowed such a play with themes such as incest and parricide.[58] He desired to stage a production of the Oedipus Rex in Dublin.[57][58]The collective survived for about two years but was unsuccessful. Working with the Irish brothers with theatrical experience, William and Frank Fay, Yeats`s unpaid but independently wealthy secretary Annie Horniman, and the leading West End actress Florence Farr, the group established the Irish National Theatre Society. Along with Synge, they acquired property in Dublin and on 27 December 1904 opened the Abbey Theatre. Yeats`s play Cathleen ni Houlihan and Lady Gregory`s Spreading the News were featured on the opening night. Yeats remained involved with the Abbey until his death, both as a member of the board and a prolific playwright. In 1902, he helped set up the Dun Emer Press to publish work by writers associated with the Revival. This became the Cuala Press in 1904, and inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement, sought to `find work for Irish hands in the making of beautiful things.`[59] From then until its closure in 1946, the press—which was run by the poet`s sisters—produced over 70 titles; 48 of them books by Yeats himself.Yeats met the American poet Ezra Pound in 1909. Pound had travelled to London at least partly to meet the older man, whom he considered `the only poet worthy of serious study.`[60] From 1913 until 1916, the two men wintered in the Stone Cottage at Ashdown Forest, with Pound nominally acting as Yeats`s secretary. The relationship got off to a rocky start when Pound arranged for the publication in the magazine Poetry of some of Yeats`s verse with Pound`s own unauthorised alterations. These changes reflected Pound`s distaste for Victorian prosody. A more indirect influence was the scholarship on Japanese Noh plays that Pound had obtained from Ernest Fenollosa`s widow, which provided Yeats with a model for the aristocratic drama he intended to write. The first of his plays modelled on Noh was At the Hawk`s Well, the first draft of which he dictated to Pound in January 1916.[61]The emergence of a nationalist revolutionary movement from the ranks of the mostly Roman Catholic lower-middle and working class made Yeats reassess some of his attitudes. In the refrain of `Easter, 1916` (`All changed, changed utterly / A terrible beauty is born`), Yeats faces his own failure to recognise the merits of the leaders of the Easter Rising, due to his attitude towards their ordinary backgrounds and lives.[62] Yeats was close to Lady Gregory and her home place of Coole Park, County Galway. He would often visit and stay there as it was a central meeting place for people who supported the resurgence of Irish literature and cultural traditions. His poem, `The Wild Swans at Coole` was written there, between 1916 and 1917.He wrote prefaces for two books of Irish mythological tales, compiled by Lady Gregory: Cuchulain of Muirthemne (1902), and Gods and Fighting Men (1904). In the preface of the latter, he wrote: `One must not expect in these stories the epic lineaments, the many incidents, woven into one great event of, let us say the War for the Brown Bull of Cuailgne or that of the last gathering at Muirthemne.`[63]PoliticsYeats in Dublin on 12 December 1922, at the start of his term as member of the Seanad EireannYeats was an Irish nationalist, who sought a kind of traditional lifestyle articulated through poems such as `The Fisherman`. But as his life progressed, he sheltered much of his revolutionary spirit and distanced himself from the intense political landscape until 1922, when he was appointed Senator for the Irish Free State.[64][65]In the earlier part of his life, Yeats was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood.[66] In the 1930s, Yeats was fascinated with the authoritarian, anti-democratic, nationalist movements of Europe, and he composed several marching songs for the Blueshirts, although they were never used. He was a fierce opponent of individualism and political liberalism and saw the fascist movements as a triumph of public order and the needs of the national collective over petty individualism. He was an elitist who abhorred the idea of mob-rule, and saw democracy as a threat to good governance and public order.[67] After the Blueshirt movement began to falter in Ireland, he distanced himself somewhat from his previous views, but maintained a preference for authoritarian and nationalist leadership.[68]Marriage to Georgie Hyde-LeesMain article: Georgie Hyde-LeesWalter de la Mare, Bertha Georgie Yeats (née Hyde-Lees), William Butler Yeats, unknown woman, summer 1930; photo by Lady Ottoline MorrellBy 1916, Yeats was 51 years old and determined to marry and produce an heir. His rival, John MacBride, had been executed for his role in the 1916 Easter Rising, so Yeats hoped that his widow, Maud Gonne, might remarry.[69] His final proposal to Gonne took place in mid-1916.[70] Gonne`s history of revolutionary political activism, as well as a series of personal catastrophes in the previous few years of her life—including chloroform addiction and her troubled marriage to MacBride—made her a potentially unsuitable wife;[45] biographer R. F. Foster has observed that Yeats`s last offer was motivated more by a sense of duty than by a genuine desire to marry her.Yeats proposed in an indifferent manner, with conditions attached, and he both expected and hoped she would turn him down. According to Foster, `when he duly asked Maud to marry him and was duly refused, his thoughts shifted with surprising speed to her daughter.` Iseult Gonne was Maud`s second child with Lucien Millevoye, and at the time was twenty-one years old. She had lived a sad life to this point; conceived as an attempt to reincarnate her short-lived brother, for the first few years of her life she was presented as her mother`s adopted niece. When Maud told her that she was going to marry, Iseult cried and told her mother that she hated MacBride.[71] When Gonne took action to divorce MacBride in 1905, the court heard allegations that he had sexually assaulted Iseult, then eleven. At fifteen, she proposed to Yeats. In 1917, he proposed to Iseult but was rejected.That September, Yeats proposed to 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees (1892–1968), known as George, whom he had met through Olivia Shakespear. Despite warnings from her friends—`George ... you can`t. He must be dead`—Hyde-Lees accepted, and the two were married on 20 October 1917.[45] Their marriage was a success, in spite of the age difference, and in spite of Yeats`s feelings of remorse and regret during their honeymoon. The couple went on to have two children, Anne and Michael. Although in later years he had romantic relationships with other women, Georgie herself wrote to her husband `When you are dead, people will talk about your love affairs, but I shall say nothing, for I will remember how proud you were.`[72]During the first years of marriage, they experimented with automatic writing; she contacted a variety of spirits and guides they called `Instructors` while in a trance. The spirits communicated a complex and esoteric system of philosophy and history, which the couple developed into an exposition using geometrical shapes: phases, cones, and gyres.[73] Yeats devoted much time to preparing this material for publication as A Vision (1925). In 1924, he wrote to his publisher T. Werner Laurie, admitting: `I dare say I delude myself in thinking this book my book of books`.[74]Nobel PrizeMain article: 1923 Nobel Prize in LiteratureYeats photographed in 1923In December 1923, Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature `for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation`.[75] Politically aware, he knew the symbolic value of an Irish winner so soon after Ireland had gained independence, and highlighted the fact at each available opportunity. His reply to many of the letters of congratulations sent to him contained the words: `I consider that this honour has come to me less as an individual than as a representative of Irish literature, it is part of Europe`s welcome to the Free State.`[76]Yeats used the occasion of his acceptance lecture at the Royal Academy of Sweden to present himself as a standard-bearer of Irish nationalism and Irish cultural independence. As he remarked, `The theatres of Dublin were empty buildings hired by the English travelling companies, and we wanted Irish plays and Irish players. When we thought of these plays we thought of everything that was romantic and poetical because the nationalism we had called up—the nationalism every generation had called up in moments of discouragement—was romantic and poetical.`[77] The prize led to a significant increase in the sales of his books, as his publishers Macmillan sought to capitalise on the publicity. For the first time he had money, and he was able to repay not only his own debts but those of his father.[78]Old age and deathBy early 1925, Yeats`s health had stabilised, and he had completed most of the writing for A Vision (dated 1925, it actually appeared in January 1926, when he almost immediately started rewriting it for a second version). He had been appointed to the first Irish Senate in 1922, and was re-appointed for a second term in 1925.[79][80] Early in his tenure, a debate on divorce arose, and Yeats viewed the issue as primarily a confrontation between the emerging Roman Catholic ethos and the Protestant minority.[81] When the Roman Catholic Church weighed in with a blanket refusal to consider their anti position, The Irish Times countered that a measure to outlaw divorce would alienate Protestants and `crystallise` the partition of Ireland. In response, Yeats delivered a series of speeches that attacked the `quixotically impressive` ambitions of the government and clergy, likening their campaign tactics to those of `medieval Spain.`[82] `Marriage is not to us a Sacrament, but, upon the other hand, the love of a man and woman, and the inseparable physical desire, are sacred. This conviction has come to us through ancient philosophy and modern literature, and it seems to us a most sacrilegious thing to persuade two people who hate each other... to live together, and it is to us no remedy to permit them to part if neither can re-marry.`[82] The resulting debate has been described as one of Yeats`s `supreme public moments`, and began his ideological move away from pluralism towards religious confrontation.[83]His language became more forceful; the Jesuit Father Peter Finlay was described by Yeats as a man of `monstrous discourtesy`, and he lamented that `It is one of the glories of the Church in which I was born that we have put our Bishops in their place in discussions requiring legislation`.[82] During his time in the Senate, Yeats further warned his colleagues: `If you show that this country, southern Ireland, is going to be governed by Roman Catholic ideas and by Catholic ideas alone, you will never get the North... You will put a wedge in the midst of this nation`.[84] He memorably said of his fellow Irish Protestants, `we are no petty people`.In 1924 he chaired a coinage committee charged with selecting a set of designs for the first currency of the Irish Free State. Aware of the symbolic power latent in the imagery of a young state`s currency, he sought a form that was `elegant, racy of the soil, and utterly unpolitical`.[85] When the house finally decided on the artwork of Percy Metcalfe, Yeats was pleased, though he regretted that compromise had led to `lost muscular tension` in the finally depicted images.[85] He retired from the Senate in 1928 because of ill health.[86]Towards the end of his life—and especially after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Great Depression, which led some to question whether democracy could cope with deep economic difficulty—Yeats seems to have returned to his aristocratic sympathies. During the aftermath of the First World War, he became sceptical about the efficacy of democratic government, and anticipated political reconstruction in Europe through totalitarian rule.[87] His later association with Pound drew him towards Benito Mussolini, for whom he expressed admiration on a number of occasions.[77] He wrote three `marching songs`—never used—for the Irish General Eoin O`Duffy`s Blueshirts.William Butler Yeats, 1933; photo by Pirie MacDonald (Library of Congress)At the age of 69 he was `rejuvenated` by the Steinach operation which was performed on 6 April 1934 by Norman Haire.[88] For the last five years of his life Yeats found a new vigour evident from both his poetry and his intimate relations with younger women.[89] During this time, Yeats was involved in a number of romantic affairs with, among others, the poet and actress Margot Ruddock, and the novelist, journalist and sexual radical Ethel Mannin.[90] As in his earlier life, Yeats found erotic adventure conducive to his creative energy, and, despite age and ill-health, he remained a prolific writer. In a letter of 1935, Yeats noted: `I find my present weakness made worse by the strange second puberty the operation has given me, the ferment that has come upon my imagination. If I write poetry it will be unlike anything I have done`.[91] In 1936, he undertook editorship of the Oxford Book of Modern Verse, 1892–1935.[46] From 1935 to 1936 he travelled to the Western Mediterranean island of Majorca with Indian-born Shri Purohit Swami and from there the two of them performed the majority of the work in translating the principal Upanishads from Sanskrit into common English; the resulting work, The Ten Principal Upanishads, was published in 1938.[92]He died at the Hôtel Idéal Séjour, in Menton, France, on 28 January 1939, aged 73.[1] He was buried after a discreet and private funeral at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Attempts had been made at Roquebrune to dissuade the family from proceeding with the removal of the remains to Ireland due to the uncertainty of their identity. His body had earlier been exhumed and transferred to the ossuary.[93] Yeats and George had often discussed his death, and his express wish was that he be buried quickly in France with a minimum of fuss. According to George, `His actual words were `If I die, bury me up there [at Roquebrune] and then in a year`s time when the newspapers have forgotten me, dig me up and plant me in Sligo`.`[94] In September 1948, Yeats`s body was moved to the churchyard of St Columba`s Church, Drumcliff, County Sligo, on the Irish Naval Service corvette LÉ Macha.[95] The person in charge of this operation for the Irish Government was Seán MacBride, son of Maud Gonne MacBride, and then Minister of External Affairs.[96]Yeats`s final resting place in the shadow of the Dartry Mountains, County SligoHis epitaph is taken from the last lines of `Under Ben Bulben`,[97] one of his final poems:Cast a cold EyeOn Life, on Death.Horseman, pass by!French ambassador Stanislas Ostroróg was involved in returning the remains of the poet from France to Ireland in 1948; in a letter to the European director of the Foreign Ministry in Paris, `Ostrorog tells how Yeats`s son Michael sought official help in locating the poet`s remains. Neither Michael Yeats nor Sean MacBride, the Irish foreign minister who organised the ceremony, wanted to know the details of how the remains were collected, Ostrorog notes. He repeatedly urges caution and discretion and says the Irish ambassador in Paris should not be informed.` Yeats`s body was exhumed in 1946 and the remains were moved to an ossuary and mixed with other remains. The French Foreign Ministry authorized Ostrorog to secretly cover the cost of repatriation from his slush fund. Authorities were worried about the fact that the much-loved poet`s remains were thrown into a communal grave, causing embarrassment for both Ireland and France. Per a letter from Ostroróg to his superiors, `Mr Rebouillat, (a) forensic doctor in Roquebrune would be able to reconstitute a skeleton presenting all the characteristics of the deceased.`[98]StyleYeats is considered one of the key 20th-century English-language poets. He was a Symbolist poet, using allusive imagery and symbolic structures throughout his career. He chose words and assembled them so that, in addition to a particular meaning, they suggest abstract thoughts that may seem more significant and resonant. His use of symbols[99] is usually something physical that is both itself and a suggestion of other, perhaps immaterial, timeless qualities.[100]Unlike the modernists who experimented with free verse, Yeats was a master of the traditional forms.[101] The impact of modernism on his work can be seen in the increasing abandonment of the more conventionally poetic diction of his early work in favour of the more austere language and more direct approach to his themes that increasingly characterises the poetry and plays of his middle period, comprising the volumes In the Seven Woods, Responsibilities and The Green Helmet.[102] His later poetry and plays are written in a more personal vein, and the works written in the last twenty years of his life include mention of his son and daughter,[103] as well as meditations on the experience of growing old.[104] In his poem `The Circus Animals` Desertion`, he describes the inspiration for these late works:Now that my ladder`s goneI must lie down where all the ladders startIn the foul rag and bone shop of the heart.[105]During 1929, he stayed at Thoor Ballylee near Gort in County Galway (where Yeats had his summer home since 1919) for the last time. Much of the remainder of his life was lived outside Ireland, although he did lease Riversdale house in the Dublin suburb of Rathfarnham in 1932. He wrote prolifically through his final years, and published poetry, plays, and prose. In 1938, he attended the Abbey for the final time to see the premiere of his play Purgatory. His Autobiographies of William Butler Yeats was published that same year.[106] The preface for the English translation of Rabindranath Tagore`s Gitanjali (Song Offering) (for which Tagore won the Nobel prize in Literature) was written by Yeats in 1913.[107]While Yeats`s early poetry drew heavily on Irish myth and folklore, his later work was engaged with more contemporary issues, and his style underwent a dramatic transformation. His work can be divided into three general periods. The early poems are lushly pre-Raphaelite in tone, self-consciously ornate, and, at times, according to unsympathetic critics, stilted. Yeats began by writing epic poems such as The Isle of Statues and The Wanderings of Oisin.[108] His other early poems are lyrics on the themes of love or mystical and esoteric subjects. Yeats`s middle period saw him abandon the pre-Raphaelite character of his early work[109] and attempt to turn himself into a Landor-style social ironist.[110]Critics characterize his middle work as supple and muscular in its rhythms and sometimes harshly modernist, while others find the poems barren and weak in imaginative power. Yeats`s later work found new imaginative inspiration in the mystical system he began to work out for himself under the influence of spiritualism. In many ways, this poetry is a return to the vision of his earlier work. The opposition between the worldly-minded man of the sword and the spiritually minded man of God, the theme of The Wanderings of Oisin, is reproduced in A Dialogue Between Self and Soul.[111]Some critics hold that Yeats spanned the transition from the 19th century into 20th-century modernism in poetry much as Pablo Picasso did in painting; others question whether late Yeats has much in common with modernists of the Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot variety.[112]Modernists read the well-known poem `The Second Coming` as a dirge for the decline of European civilisation, but it also expresses Yeats`s apocalyptic mystical theories and is shaped by the 1890s. His most important collections of poetry started with The Green Helmet (1910) and Responsibilities (1914). In imagery, Yeats`s poetry became sparer and more powerful as he grew older. The Tower (1928), The Winding Stair (1933), and New Poems (1938) contained some of the most potent images in 20th-century poetry.[113]Yeats`s mystical inclinations, informed by Hinduism, theosophical beliefs and the occult, provided much of the basis of his late poetry,[114] which some critics have judged as lacking in intellectual credibility. The metaphysics of Yeats`s late works must be read in relation to his system of esoteric fundamentals in A Vision (1925).[115]LegacyYeats is commemorated in Sligo town by a statue, created in 1989 by sculptor Rowan Gillespie. On the 50th anniversary of the poet`s death, it was erected outside the Ulster Bank, at the corner of Stephen Street and Markievicz Road. Yeats had remarked on receiving his Nobel Prize that the Royal Palace in Stockholm `resembled the Ulster Bank in Sligo`. Across the river is the Yeats Memorial Building, home to the Sligo Yeats Society.[116] Standing Figure: Knife Edge by Henry Moore is displayed in the W. B. Yeats Memorial Garden at St Stephen`s Green in Dublin.[117][118]Composer Marcus Paus` choral work The Stolen Child (2009) is based on poetry by Yeats. Critic Stephen Eddins described it as `sumptuously lyrical and magically wild, and [...] beautifully [capturing] the alluring mystery and danger and melancholy` of Yeats.[119] Argentine composer Julia Stilman-Lasansky based her Cantata No. 4 on text by Yeats.[120]There is a blue plaque dedicated to Yeats at Balscadden House on the Balscadden Road in Howth; his cottage home from 1880-1883.[121] In 1957 the London County Council erected a plaque at his former residence on 23 Fitzroy Road, Primrose Hill, London.[122]Вилијам Батлер Јејтс (енгл. William Butler Yeats; Даблин, 13. јун 1865 — Ментона, 28. јануар 1939), био је ирски песник и драмски писац, најзначајнија личност ирског националног препорода, један од оснивача и управник народног позоришта. Учествовао у јавном политичком животу и био сенатор од 1922. до 1928. Добио је Нобелову награду за књижевност 1923. године.Вилијам Батлер ЈејтсЖивотописВилијам Батлер Јејтс рођен је 13. јуна 1865. у Дублину у Ирској.[1] Његов отац Џон Батлер Јејтс (1839–1922) био је сликар, и потомак Џервиса Јејтса, вилијаског војника, трговца платном и познатог сликара, који је умро 1712.[2] Бенџамин Јејтс, Џервисов унук и Вилијамов прадеда, оженио се 1773. године[3] са Мери Батлер[4] из властелинске породице у округу Килдер.[5] Након венчања задржали су име Батлер. Марија је била из породице Бутлера из Најама Говрана, која потиче од ванбрачног брата 8. грофа Ормонда.[6]Породица Јејтс се 1867. привремено сели у Лондон, тачније у Бедфорд Парк. Јејтс лета проводи у Слигоу, родном месту његове мајке, грофовији на западној обали Ирске, која ће са својим крајоликом, фолклором и старим легендама оставити дубок печат на његовим делима. Дом у којем је В. Јејтс одрастао био је обељежен уметношћу, те је његов брат Џек постао цењени сликар, а сестре Елизабет и Сузан Меру су се бавиле примењеном уметношћу. Године 1877. Вилијам се уписује у школу Годолфин коју похађа 4 године. Јејтс се својим школским успесима није претерано истицао. Јеацови се поткрај 1880. године, из финанцијски разлога, враћају у Даблин, изпочетка живећи у центру града, а касније се селе у предграђе Ховт. У октобру 1881. Јејтс наставља своје школовање у Ерасмус Смит средњој школи у Дублину, коју похађа до новембра 1883. године. Атеље његовог оца био је близу те школе; В. Јејтс је ту много боравио и упознао многе Даблинске уметнике. Године Јејтсовог сазревања у претежно католичкој Ирској у којој се будио ирски национализам обележене су његовом припадношћу протестантској заједници - његова је породица дапаче спадала у ред привилегиране заједнице протестанатске господе која је управљала Ирском од 18. века - тзв. Протестантска надмоћ.Од 1884. до 1886. год. Јејтс похађа Метрополитанску школу уметности (данашњи Националнио колеџ уметности и дизајна) у Даблину, где упознаје Џеорџа Расела. Од своје 17 године Јејтс пише: искушава се у писању поема и драма које се још не одликују особитом литерарном вредношћу. Годне 1885. му је у Дублински универзитетски преглед објављено прво значајније дело The Island of Statues, приповетка фантастикне тематике (о вилама и чаробњацима). Године 1886. његов отац финансира штампање 100 примерака његове прве самосталне књиге (књижице) Mosada: A Dramatic Poem. Млади Јејтс је 1885. године учествује у оснивању Даблинског херметичког реда, чији се чланови интересирају за магију. У наредним годинама се дубоко упустио у тада помодну теозофију. Године 1887. породица се поново сели у Лондон; и тамо ће Вилијам Јејтс ући у друштво младих уметника који се занимају за езотерију, те 1890. године и формално постаје члан окултног Херметичког реда златне зоре. Године 1889. објављује збирку The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889); и надаље се бави митском тематиком везаном за ирску народну митологију.Године 1891. Јејтс одлази у Ирску запросити 25-годишњу Мод Гон, младу сликарку и ватрену ирску националискињу коју је упознао две године раније и у коју се био снажно заљубио: она одбија његову просидбу. Јејтс остаје несретно заљубљен, те понавља неуспешне просидбе 1899, 1900. и 1901. Напослетку 1903. године Мод Гон се удала за другог; јавно је изражавао (чак у песмама) своје незадовољство њеним избором - удала се за познатог ирског националисту Мајора Џона Макбрајда, који је усто био католик, те је и Мод прешла на католичанство. Тек ће 1908. године, након што се Мод раставила од супруга, Јејтс моћи да конзумира своју дуготрајну страст, та га по његовим речима „трагедија сексуалног односа” са својом дугогодишњом несретном љубави заправо збунила и њихова веза се одатле није развила.Године 1896, Јејтс улази у круг даме Изабеле Грегори, важне Ирске културне раднице која се бави фолклором и драмом; она ће своју љубав према Ирској успети да на крају ипак подстакне у правцу национализма. С њеним кругом од 1899. године делује у Ирском литерарном театру, који делује до 1901. године настојећи да у Ирској пренесе манир авангардног театра из Француске. Након финанцијског неуспеха Ирског литерарног театра, припадници групе оснивају успешнији Аби театар (који до данас делује под именом Ирско национално позориште); Јејтс је с тим кругом активно сарађивао до краја живота. Године 1902. учествује у оснивању Dun Emer Press, издавачке куће која ће под вођством његових сестара до 1946. године штампати преко 70 књига ирских аутора, од тога 48 Јејтсових.Године 1909. Јејтс упознаје великог америчког песника Езру Паундa: путовао је у Лондон како би упознао тог „јединог песника вреднога пажљивог проучавања”, како је сам рекао. Од 1909. до 1916. године њих су двојица заједно зимовали у кућици у Сасексу (један дан пута од Лондона), Јејтс је номинално био секретар старијем Поунду. Пријатељство је почело бледити када је 1916. године Поунд уредио да се неке Јејтсове пјесме објаве у америчком магазину Poetry, али уз знатне Поундове промене које Јејтс није био одобрио.Те исте године, у својој 51. години, Јејтс се одлучио да се ожени и има децу. Одлучује да по задњи пут запроси Мод Гон, чији је муж Џон Макбрајд управо те године погубљен због учествовања у ирском Ускршњем устанку. Након што га Гон опет одбија (изгледа да је просидба дугогодишње несретне љубави ионако била више формалне природе и понуђена с мањком осећаја, уз разне услове), Јејтс нуди брак 25-годишњој Џорџији Хајд Лис (1892–1968). Након просидбе у септембру, венчање је уследило већ у октобру 1916. године. Успркос разлици у годинама и Јејтсовој иницијалној збуњености (имао је грижњу савести због уласка у брак), брак је био успешан, те је пар имао и двоје деце. Јејтс је своју супругу убрзо увео у езотеријске праксе, те су у сарадњи развили један езотеријски филозофски систем, и историје: Џорџија је служила као медијум за „аутоматско писање”, којим је комуницирала разне „поруке духовних водича”.Убрзо након окончања Ирског рата на независност (1919-1921), Јејтс је у децембру 1922. године прихватио именовање за сенатора, дужност у Сенату, ту дужност обавља 6 година.Године 1923. Јејтс је добио Нобелову награду за књижевност, за велики допринос Ирској литератури и култури генерално где је „његова увек инспирисана поезија у високо уметничкој форми дала израз духу читаве нације”. Награда је представљала и охрабрење Ирској, која је недуго пре успела да задобије неовисност; сам Јејтс је тога био свестан, те је своју награду настојао да користи за промовисање Ирског националног угледа и поноса. Након награде је продаја Јејтсових дела на читавом енглеском говорном подручју још више порасла.У задњим годинама свог живота је Јејтс, као јавни интелектуалац, упућивао критику социјално конзервативном водству младе ирске државе, залажући се за либералније устројство друштва. Међутим није пуно веровао у демократију, те је исказивао симпатије према аристократској форми државе.Оставши до краја живота активни аутор, те боривши се са старошћу једним ставом којега је називао „други пубертет” (што је укључивао оживљени интерес за еротику), умро је 28. јанурара 1939. године (у 73 години живота) у Француској, у Hôtel Idéal Séjour у граду Ментону. Од своје супруге је захтевао дискретан погреб у месту смрти, како би га се након годину дана - након што новинари забораве на његову смрт - без помпе пренели у ирски Слиго, место његовог дјетињства. Тек након рата, 1948. године, та је Јејтсова жеља и испуњена. Његов гроб се налази у Друмклифу, грофовија Слиго. Пренос тела изведен је ирском корветом LÉ Macha; активности преноса тела надзирао је лично ирски министар спољашњеих послова Син Макбрајд - иначе син Мод Гон Макбрајд, коју је Јејтс више пута просио. На гробу стоји епитаф с речима из „Under Ben Bulben”, једне од његових задњих поема.НаслеђеЈејтсу је у граду Слајго подигнута статуа, коју је 1989. направио вајар Рован Гилеспи. На 50. годишњицу песникове смрти, подигнута је испред Алстер банке, на углу улица Стивен и Маркиевиц. Јејтс је приликом добијања Нобелове награде приметио да Краљевска палата у Стокхолму „личи на Алстер банку у Слајгу“. Преко реке је Јеатсова меморијална зграда, дом Слајговског Јејтсовог друштва.[7] Стојећа фигура: Оштрица ножа Хенрија Мура приказана је у Меморијалној башти у Даблину.[8][9]

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Dylan Thomas - Under Milk WoodA Play For VoicesPenguin, 2000.Mek povez, 76 strana, potpis bivseg vlasnika.RETKO!Under Milk Wood is a 1954 radio drama by Welsh poet Dylan Thomas. The BBC commissioned the play, which was later adapted for the stage. A film version directed by Andrew Sinclair, was released in 1972, and another adaptation of the play, directed by Pip Broughton, was staged for television for the 60th anniversary in 2014.An omniscient narrator invites the audience to listen to the dreams and innermost thoughts of the inhabitants of the fictional small Welsh fishing town, Llareggub, (buggerall spelt backwards).They include Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard, relentlessly nagging her two dead husbands; Captain Cat, reliving his seafaring times; the two Mrs. Dai Breads; Organ Morgan, obsessed with his music; and Polly Garter, pining for her dead lover. Later, the town awakens, and, aware now of how their feelings affect whatever they do, we watch them go about their daily business.Origins and developmentBackgroundThe Coach & Horses in Tenby, where Thomas is reputed to have been so drunk that he left his manuscript to Under Milk Wood on a stoolIn 1931, the 17-year-old Thomas created a piece for the Swansea Grammar School magazine that included a conversation of Milk Wood stylings, between Mussolini and Wife, similar to those between Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard and her two husbands that would later be found in Under Milk Wood.[1] In 1933, Thomas talked at length with his mentor and friend, Bert Trick,[2] about creating a play about a Welsh town:He read it to Nell and me in our bungalow at Caswell around the old Dover stove, with the paraffin lamps lit at night ... the story was then called Llareggub, which was a mythical village in South Wales, a typical village, with terraced houses with one ty bach to about five cottages and the various characters coming out and emptying the slops and exchanging greetings and so on; that was the germ of the idea which ... developed into Under Milk Wood.[3]In February 1937, Thomas outlined his plans for a Welsh Journey, following a route that would “be decided by what incidents arose, what people told me stories, what pleasant or unpleasant or curious things...I encountered in the little-known villages among the lesser-known people.” [4]A year later, in March 1938, Thomas suggested that a group of Welsh writers should prepare a verse-report of their `own particular town, village, or district.`[5]LaugharneIn May 1938, the Thomas family moved to Laugharne, a small town on the estuary of the river Tâf in Carmarthenshire, Wales. They lived there intermittently[6] for just under two years until July 1941, but did not return to live there until 1949.[7] The author Richard Hughes, who lived in Laugharne, has recalled that Thomas spoke to him in 1939 about writing a play about Laugharne in which the townsfolk would play themselves,[8] an idea pioneered on the radio by Cornish villagers in the 1930s.[9] Four years later, in 1943, Thomas again met Hughes, and this time outlined a play about a Welsh village certified as mad by government inspectors.[10]Hughes was of the view that when Thomas `came to write Under Milk Wood, he did not use actual Laugharne characters.`[11] Nevertheless, there are some elements of Laugharne that are discernible in the play. A girl, age 14, named Rosie Probert (`Rosie Probert, thirty three Duck Lane. Come on up, boys, I`m dead.`) was living in Horsepool Road in Laugharne at the 1921 census.[12] Although there is no-one of that name in Laugharne in the 1939 War Register,[13] nor anyone named Rosie, Laugharne resident, Jane Dark, has described how she told Thomas about her.[14] Dark has also described telling Thomas about the ducks of Horsepool Road (`Duck Lane`) and the drowning of the girl who went in search of them.[15]Both Laugharne and Llareggub have a castle,[16] and, like Laugharne, Llareggub is on an estuary (`boat-bobbing river and sea`), with co*ckles, co*cklers and co*ckle Row. Laugharne also provides the clock tower of Myfanwy Price`s dreams,[17] as well as Salt House Farm which may have inspired the name of Llareggub`s Salt Lake Farm.[18] Llareggub`s Butcher Beynon almost certainly draws on butcher and publican Carl Eynon, though he was not in Laugharne but in nearby St Clears.[19]New QuayIn September 1944, the Thomas family moved to a bungalow called Majoda on the cliffs outside New Quay, Cardiganshire (Ceredigion), Wales, and left in July the following year. Thomas had previously visited New Quay whilst living in nearby Talsarn in 1942–1943,[20] and had an aunt and cousins living in New Quay.[21] He had written a New Quay pub poem, Sooner than you can water milk, in 1943,[22] which has several words and ideas that would later re-appear in Under Milk Wood.[23] Thomas` bawdy letter-poem from New Quay to T. W. Earp, written just days after moving into Majoda,[24] contains the name `No-good`, anticipating Nogood Boyo of Under Milk Wood.Thomas`s wife, Caitlin, has described the year at Majoda as `one of the most important creative periods of his life...New Quay was just exactly his kind of background, with the ocean in front of him ... and a pub[25] where he felt at home in the evenings.`[26] Thomas` biographers have taken a similar view. His time there, recalled Constantine FitzGibbon, his first biographer, was `a second flowering, a period of fertility that recalls the earliest days … [with a] great outpouring of poems`, as well as a good deal of other material.[27] Biographer Paul Ferris agreed: “On the grounds of output, the bungalow deserves a plaque of its own.”[28] Thomas’ third biographer, George Tremlett, concurred, describing the time in New Quay as “one of the most creative periods of Thomas’s life.” [29]Some of those who knew him well, including FitzGibbon, have said that Thomas began writing Under Milk Wood in New Quay.[30] The play`s first producer, Douglas Cleverdon, agreed, noting that Thomas `wrote the first half within a few months; then his inspiration seemed to fail him when he left New Quay.`[31] One of Thomas` closest friends and confidantes, Ivy Williams of Brown`s Hotel, Laugharne, has said `Of course, it wasn’t really written in Laugharne at all. It was written in New Quay, most of it.`[32]The writer and puppeteer, Walter Wilkinson, visited New Quay in 1947, and his essay on the town captures its character and atmosphere as Thomas would have found it two years earlier.[33] Photos of New Quay in Thomas` day, as well as a 1959 television programme about the town, can be found here.[34]There were many milestones[35] on the road to Llareggub, and these have been detailed by Professor Walford Davies in his Introduction to the definitive edition of Under Milk Wood.[36] The most important of these was Quite Early One Morning,[37] Thomas` description of a walk around New Quay, broadcast by the BBC in 1945, and described by Davies as a `veritable storehouse of phrases, rhythms and details later resurrected or modified for Under Milk Wood.`[38] For example, the “done-by-hand water colours” of Quite Early One Morning appear later as the “watercolours done by hand” of Under Milk Wood.[39]Another striking example from the 1945 broadcast is Mrs Ogmore-Pritchard who later appears as a major character in Under Milk Wood:Open the curtains, light the fire, what are servants for?I am Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard and I want another snooze.Dust the china, feed the canary, sweep the drawing-room floor;And before you let the sun in, mind he wipes his shoes.Mrs Ogmore Davies[40] and Mrs Pritchard-Jones[41] both lived on Church Street in New Quay.[42] Mrs Pritchard-Jones was constantly cleaning, recalled one of her neighbours, `a real matron-type, very strait-laced, house-proud, ran the house like a hospital ward.`[43] In her book on New Quay, Mrs Pritchard-Jones’ daughter notes that her mother had been a Queen`s Nurse before her marriage and afterwards `devoted much of her time to cleaning and dusting our home ... sliding a small mat under our feet so we would not bring in any dirt from the road.`[44]Jack Lloyd, a New Quay postman and the Town Crier, also lived on Church Street.[45] He provided the character of Llareggub`s postman Willy Nilly, whose practice of opening letters, and spreading the news, reflects Lloyd`s role as Town Crier, as Thomas himself noted on a work sheet for the play: `Nobody minds him opening the letters and acting as [a] kind of town-crier. How else could they know the news?`[46] It is this note, together with our knowledge that Thomas knew Jack Lloyd (`an old friend`),[47] that establish the link between Willy Nilly and Lloyd.[48]There were also other New Quay residents in Under Milk Wood. Dai Fred Davies the donkeyman on board the fishing vessel, the Alpha, appears in the play as Tom-Fred the donkeyman.[49] Local builder, Dan Cherry Jones,[50] appears as Cherry Owen in the play, as Cherry Jones in Thomas’ sketch of Llareggub,[51] and as Cherry Jones in one of Thomas` work sheets for the play, where Thomas describes him as a plumber and carpenter.[52]The time-obsessed, `thin-vowelled laird`, as Thomas described him,[53] New Quay`s reclusive English aristocrat, Alastair Hugh Graham, lover of fish, fishing and cooking, and author of Twenty Different Ways of Cooking New Quay Mackerel,[54] is considered to be the inspiration for `Lord Cut-Glass … that lordly fish-head nibbler … in his fish-slimy kitchen ... [who] scampers from clock to clock`.[55]Third Drowned’s question at the beginning of the play “How’s the tenors in Dowlais?” reflects the special relationship that once existed between New Quay and Dowlais, an industrial town in South Wales. Its workers traditionally holidayed in New Quay and often sang on the pier on summer evenings.[56] Such was the relationship between the two towns that when St Mair`s church in Dowlais was demolished in 1963,[57] its bell was given to New Quay`s parish church.[58]Other names and features from New Quay in the play include Maesgwyn farm [59] the Sailor`s Home Arms,[60] the river Dewi,[61] the quarry,[62] the harbour,[63] Manchester House,[64] the hill of windows[65] and the Downs.[66] The Fourth Drowned`s line `Buttermilk and whippets` also comes from New Quay,[67] as does the stopped clock in the bar of the Sailors` Arms.[68][69]Walford Davies has concluded that New Quay `was crucial in supplementing the gallery of characters Thomas had to hand for writing Under Milk Wood.[70] FitzGibbon had come to a similar conclusion many years earlier, noting that Llareggub `resembles New Quay more closely [than Laugharne] and many of the characters derive from that seaside village in Cardiganshire...`[71] John Ackerman has also suggested that the story of the drowned village and graveyard of Llanina, that lay in the sea below Majoda, `is the literal truth that inspired the imaginative and poetic truth` of Under Milk Wood.[72] Another part of that literal truth were the 60 acres of cliff between New Quay and Majoda, including Maesgwyn farm, that collapsed into the sea in the early 1940s.[73]Elba, South Leigh and PragueIn April 1947, Thomas and family went to Italy. He intended to write a radio play there, as his letters home make clear.[74] Several words and phrases that appear in Under Milk Wood can be found in some of Thomas’ letters from the island of Elba, where he stayed for three weeks. The `fishers and miners` and `webfooted waterboys` [75] of the letters become the `fishers` and `webfoot co*cklewomen` of the first page of Under Milk Wood.[76] The `sunblack` and `fly-black` adjectives of Elba anticipate the `crowblack` and `bible-black` descriptions of Llareggub. The play`s Fourth Drowned, Alfred Pomeroy Jones, `died of blisters`, and so, almost, did Thomas, as he vividly describes in a letter home.[75] And, in time, the island`s `blister-biting blimp-blue bakehouse sea` would re-appear as Llareggub`s `slow, black, crowblack, fishingboat-bobbing sea.`[77]On their return from Italy in August 1947, the Thomases moved to South Leigh, near Witney in Oxfordshire, where Thomas declared his intent to work further on the play.[78] It was here that he knocked the play into shape, as one biographer described it.[79] There are various accounts of his work on the play at South Leigh, where he lived until May 1949.[80] He also worked on filmscripts here, including The Three Weird Sisters, which includes the familiar Llareggub names of Daddy Waldo and Polly Probert.Just a month or so after moving to South Leigh, Thomas met the BBC producer, Philip Burton, in the Café Royal in London, where he outlined his ideas for `The Village of the Mad…a coastal town in south Wales which was on trial because they felt it was a disaster to have a community living in that way… For instance, the organist in the choir in the church played with only the dog to listen to him…A man and a woman were in love with each other but they never met… they wrote to each other every day…And he had the idea that the narrator should be like the listener, blind.…`[81] Burton`s friendship with Thomas, and his influence on the play, has been set within the context of the work done by Burton and T. Rowland Hughes in developing community portraiture on the radio.[82]Thomas went to Prague in March 1949 for a writers’ conference. His guide and interpreter, Jiřina Hauková, has recalled that, at a party, Thomas `narrated the first version of his radio play Under Milk Wood`. She mentions that he talked about the organist who played to goats and sheep, as well as a baker with two wives.[83] Another at the party remembered that Thomas also talked about the two Voices.[84]The testimony from Prague, when taken with that of Burton about the meeting in the Café Royal in 1947, indicates that several of the characters of the play were already in place by the time Thomas had moved to the Boat House in Laugharne in May 1949: the organist, the two lovers who never met but wrote to each other, the baker with two wives, the blind narrator and the Voices.The first known sighting of a script for the play was its first half, titled The Town that was Mad, which Thomas showed to the poet Allen Curnow in October 1949 at the Boat House.[85]A draft first half of the play was delivered to the BBC in late October 1950.[86] It consisted of thirty-five handwritten pages containing most of the places, people and topography of Llareggub, and which ended with the line `Organ Morgan`s at it early…` A shortened version of this first half was published in Botteghe Oscure in May 1952 with the title Llareggub. A Piece for Radio Perhaps. By the end of that year, Thomas had been in Laugharne for just over three years, but his half-play had made little progress since his South Leigh days. On 6 November 1952, he wrote to the editor of Botteghe Oscure to explain why he hadn`t been able to `finish the second half of my piece for you.` He had failed shamefully, he said, to add to `my lonely half of a looney maybe-play`.[87]AmericaThomas gave a reading of the unfinished play to students at Cardiff University in March 1953.[88] He then travelled to America in April to give the first public readings of the play, even though he had not yet written its second half. He gave a solo reading of the first half on 3 May at the Fogg Museum, Harvard, where the audience responded enthusiastically.[89] Rehearsals for the play`s premiere on 14 May had already started but with only half the play, and with Thomas unavailable as he left to carry out a series of poetry readings and other engagements. He was up at dawn on 14 May to work on the second half, and he continued writing on the train between Boston and New York, as he travelled to the 92nd Street Y`s Poetry Center for the premiere. With the performance just 90 minutes away, the `final third of the play was still unorganised and but partially written.`[90] The play`s producer, Liz Reitell, locked Thomas in a room to continue work on the script, the last few lines of which were handed to the actors as they were preparing to go on stage.[91] Thomas subsequently added some 40 new lines to the second half for the play`s next reading in New York on 28 May.The former Salad Bowl Café, Tenby2–3 The Croft, the former Salad Bowl CaféBlue plaque indicating that Thomas first read from Under Milk Wood on 2 October 1953On his return to Laugharne, Thomas worked in a desultory fashion on Under Milk Wood throughout the summer.[92] His daughter, Aeronwy, noticed that his health had `visibly deteriorated. ... I could hear his racking cough. Every morning he had a prolonged coughing attack. ... The coughing was nothing new but it seemed worse than before.`[93] She also noted that the blackouts that Thomas was experiencing were `a constant source of comment` amongst his Laugharne friends.[94]Thomas gave readings of the play in Porthcawl and Tenby,[95] before travelling to London to catch his plane to New York for another tour, including three readings of Under Milk Wood. He stayed with the comedian Harry Locke, and worked on the play, re-writing parts of the first half, and writing Eli Jenkins` sunset poem and Waldo`s chimney sweep song for the second half.[96] Locke noticed that Thomas was very chesty, with `terrible` coughing fits that made him go purple in the face.[97]On 15 October 1953, Thomas delivered another draft of the play to the BBC, a draft that his producer, Douglas Cleverdon, described as being in `an extremely disordered state...it was clearly not in its final form.`[98] On his arrival in New York on 20 October 1953, Thomas added a further 38 lines to the second half, for the two performances on 24 and 25 October.Thomas had been met at the airport by Liz Reitell, who was shocked at his appearance: `He was very ill when he got here.`[99] Thomas` agent John Brinnin, deeply in debt and desperate for money, also knew Thomas was very ill, but did not cancel or curtail his programme, a punishing schedule of four rehearsals and two performances of Under Milk Wood in just five days, as well as two sessions of revising the play.[100] After the first performance on 24 October, Thomas was close to collapse, standing in his dressing room, clinging to the back of a chair. The play, he said, `has taken the life out of me for now.`[101]At the next performance, the actors realised that Thomas was very ill and had lost his voice: `He was desperately ill … we didn`t think that he would be able to do the last performance because he was so ill … Dylan literally couldn`t speak he was so ill … still my greatest memory of it is that he had no voice.`[102] After a cortisone injection, he recovered sufficiently to go on stage. The play`s cast noticed Thomas` worsening illness during the first three rehearsals, during one of which he collapsed. Brinnin was at the fourth and was shocked by Thomas` appearance: `I could barely stop myself from gasping aloud. His face was lime-white, his lips loose and twisted, his eyes dulled, gelid, and sunk in his head.`[103]Then through the following week, Thomas continued to work on the script for the version that was to appear in Mademoiselle, and for the performance in Chicago on 13 November. However, he collapsed in the early hours of 5 November and died in hospital on 9 November 1953.InspirationThe inspiration for the play has generated intense debate. Thomas himself declared on two occasions that his play was based on Laugharne,[104] but this has not gone unquestioned. Llansteffan, Ferryside and particularly New Quay also have their claims. An examination of these respective claims was published in 2004.[105] Surprisingly little scholarship has been devoted to Thomas and Laugharne, and about the town`s influence on the writing of Under Milk Wood.[106] Thomas’ four years at the Boat House were amongst his least productive, and he was away for much of the time. As his daughter, Aeronwy, has recalled, `he sought any pretext to escape.`[107]Douglas Cleverdon has suggested that the topography of Llareggub `is based not so much on Laugharne, which lies on the mouth of an estuary, but rather on New Quay, a seaside town...with a steep street running down to the harbour.” [108] The various topographical references in the play to the top of the town, and to its ‘top and sea-end’ are also suggestive of New Quay, as are Llareggub`s terraced streets and hill of windows.[109] The play is even true to the minor topographical details of New Quay. For example, Llareggub`s lazy fishermen walk uphill from the harbour to the Sailors` Arms.Thomas drew a sketch map of the fictional town, which is now held by the National Library of Wales and can be viewed online.[110] The Dylan Thomas scholar, James Davies, has written that `Thomas`s drawing of Llareggub is... based on New Quay`[111] and there has been very little disagreement, if any, with this view. An examination of the sketch has revealed some interesting features: Thomas uses the name of an actual New Quay resident, Dan Cherry Jones, for one of the people living in co*ckle Street. The Rev. Eli Jenkins is not in the sketch, however, and there are also three characters in the sketch who do not appear in the draft of the play given by Thomas to the BBC in October 1950.[112]Thomas also seems to have drawn on New Quay in developing Llareggub`s profile as an ocean-going, schooner and harbour town, as he once described it.[113] Captain Cat lives in Schooner House. He and his sailors have sailed the clippered seas, as First Voice puts it. They have been to San Francisco, Nantucket and more, bringing back coconuts and parrots for their families. The Rev. Eli Jenkins` White Book of Llareggub has a chapter on shipping and another on industry, all of which reflect New Quay`s history of both producing master mariners[114] and building ocean-going ships, including schooners.[115] In his 1947 visit to New Quay, Walter Wilkinson noted that the town “abounds” in sea captains [116] The following year, another writer visiting New Quay noted that there were “dozens of lads who knew intimately the life and ways of all the great maritime cities of the world.”[117]Llareggub`s occupational profile as a town of seafarers, fishermen, co*ckle gatherers and farmers has also been examined through an analysis of the returns in the 1939 War Register for New Quay, Laugharne, Ferryside and Llansteffan. This analysis also draws upon census returns and the Welsh Merchant Mariners Index. It shows that New Quay and Ferryside provide by far the best fit with Llareggub`s occupational profile.[118]Thomas is reported to have commented that Under Milk Wood was developed in response to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, as a way of reasserting the evidence of beauty in the world.[119] It is also thought that the play was a response by Thomas both to the Nazi concentration camps, and to the internment camps that had been created around Britain during World War II.[120]LlareggubA boat bearing the name of the fictional location of Under Milk WoodThe fictional name Llareggub was derived by reversing the phrase `bugger all`.[121] In some published editions of the play,[122] it is often rendered (contrary to Thomas`s own use - see below) as Llaregyb or similar. It is pronounced [ɬaˈrɛɡɪb].[123] The name bears some resemblance to many actual Welsh place names, which often begin with Llan, meaning church or, more correctly, sanctified enclosure, although a double g is not used in written Welsh.The name Llareggub was first used by Thomas in two short stories published in 1936. They were The Orchards[124] (`This was a story more terrible than the stories of the reverend madmen in the Black Book of Llareggub.`) and The Burning Baby[125] (`Death took hold of his sister`s legs as she walked through the calf-high heather up the hill... She was to him as ugly as the sowfaced woman Llareggub who had taught him the terrors of the flesh.`)Thomas’ first known use of the name Llareggub in relation to Under Milk Wood was at a recitation of an early version of the play at a party in London in 1945.[126]Thomas had also referred to the play as The Village of the Mad or The Town that was Mad.[127] By the summer of 1951, he was calling the play Llareggub Hill[128] but by October 1951, when the play was sent to Botteghe Oscure,[129] its title had become Llareggub. A Piece for Radio Perhaps. By the summer of 1952, the title was changed to Under Milk Wood because John Brinnin thought Llareggub Hill would be too thick and forbidding to attract American audiences.[130]In the play, the Rev Eli Jenkins writes a poem that describes Llareggub Hill and its `mystic tumulus`. This was based on a lyrical description of Twmbarlwm`s `mystic tumulus` in Monmouthshire that Thomas imitated from Arthur Machen`s autobiography Far Off Things (1922).[131]The town`s name is thought to be the inspiration for the country of Llamedos (sod `em all) in Terry Pratchett`s Discworld novel Soul Music.[132] In this setting, Llamedos is a parody of Wales.PlotThe play opens at night, when the citizens of Llareggub are asleep. The narrator (First Voice/Second Voice) informs the audience that they are witnessing the townspeople`s dreams.Captain Cat, the blind sea captain, is tormented in his dreams by his drowned shipmates, who long to live again and enjoy the pleasures of the world. Mog Edwards and Myfanwy Price dream of each other; Mr. Waldo dreams of his childhood and his failed marriages; Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard dreams of her deceased husbands. Almost all of the characters in the play are introduced as the audience witnesses a moment of their dreams.Morning begins. The voice of a guide introduces the town, discussing the facts of Llareggub. The Reverend Eli Jenkins delivers a morning sermon on his love for the village. Lily Smalls wakes and bemoans her pitiful existence. Mr. and Mrs. Pugh observe their neighbours; the characters introduce themselves as they act in their morning. Mrs. Cherry Owen merrily rehashes her husband`s drunken antics. Butcher Beynon teases his wife during breakfast. Captain Cat watches as Willy Nilly the postman goes about his morning rounds, delivering to Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard, Mrs. Pugh, Mog Edwards and Mr. Waldo.At Mrs. Organ-Morgan`s general shop, women gossip about the townspeople. Willy Nilly and his wife steam open a love letter from Mog Edwards to Myfanwy Price; he expresses fear that he may be in the poor house if his business does not improve. Mrs. Dai Bread Two swindles Mrs. Dai Bread One with a bogus fortune in her crystal ball. Polly Garter scrubs floors and sings about her past paramours. Children play in the schoolyard; Gwennie urges the boys to `kiss her where she says or give her a penny.` Gossamer Beynon and Sinbad Sailors privately desire each other.During dinner, Mr. Pugh imagines poisoning Mrs. Pugh. Mrs. Organ-Morgan shares the day`s gossip with her husband, but his only interest is the organ. The audience sees a glimpse of Lord Cut-Glass`s insanity in his `kitchen full of time`. Captain Cat dreams of his lost lover, Rosie Probert, but weeps as he remembers that she will not be with him again. Nogood Boyo fishes in the bay, dreaming of Mrs. Dai Bread Two and geishas.On Llareggub Hill, Mae Rose Cottage spends a lazy afternoon wishing for love. Reverend Jenkins works on the White Book of Llareggub, which is a history of the entire town and its citizens. On the farm, Utah Watkins struggles with his cattle, aided by Bessie Bighead. As Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard falls asleep, her husbands return to her. Mae Rose Cottage swears that she will sin until she explodes.The Sailor`s Home Arms, New Quay, now known as the Seahorse Inn, which provided the name for the Sailors Arms[133]As night begins, Reverend Jenkins recites another poem. Cherry Owen heads to the Sailor`s Arms, where Sinbad still longs for Gossamer Beynon. The town prepares for the evening, to sleep or otherwise. Mr. Waldo sings drunkenly at the Sailors Arms. Captain Cat sees his drowned shipmates—and Rosie—as he begins to sleep. Organ-Morgan mistakes Cherry Owen for Johann Sebastian Bach on his way to the chapel. Mog and Myfanwy write to each other before sleeping. Mr. Waldo meets Polly Garter in a forest. Night begins and the citizens of Llareggub return to their dreams again.CharactersCaptain Cat – The old blind sea captain who dreams of his deceased shipmates and lost lover Rosie Probert. He is one of the play`s most important characters as he often acts as a narrator. He comments on the goings-on in the village from his window.Rosie Probert – Captain Cat`s deceased lover, who appears in his dreams.Myfanwy Price – The sweetshop-keeper who dreams of marrying Mog Edwards.Mr. Mog Edwards – The draper, enamoured of Myfanwy Price. Their romance, however, is restricted strictly to the letters they write one another and their interactions in their dreams.Jack Black – The cobbler, who dreams of scaring away young couples.Evans the Death – The undertaker, who dreams of his childhood.Mr. Waldo – Rabbit catcher, barber, herbalist, cat doctor, quack, dreams of his mother and his many unhappy, failed marriages. He is a notorious alcoholic and general troublemaker and is involved in an affair with Polly Garter.Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard – The owner of a guesthouse, who dreams of nagging her two late husbands. She refuses to let anyone stay at the guesthouse because of her extreme penchant for neatness.Mr. Ogmore – Deceased, Linoleum salesman, late of Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard.Mr. Pritchard – Deceased, failed bookmaker, late of Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard. He committed suicide `ironically` by ingesting disinfectant.Gossamer Beynon – The schoolteacher (daughter of Butcher Beynon), dreams of a fox-like illicit love. During the day, she longs to be with Sinbad Sailors, but the two never interact.Organ Morgan – The church organ player has perturbed dreams of music and orchestras within the village. His obsession with music bothers his wife intensely.Mrs. Organ Morgan – A shop owner who dreams of `silence,` as she is disturbed during the day by Organ Morgan`s constant organ-playing.Mr. & Mrs. Floyd – The co*cklers, an elderly couple, seemingly the only couple to sleep peacefully in the village. They are mentioned only during the dream sequence and when Mrs Floyd is `talking flatfish` with Nogood Boyo.Utah Watkins – The farmer, dreams of counting sheep that resemble his wife.Ocky Milkman – The milkman, dreams of pouring his milk into a river, `regardless of expense`.Mr. Cherry Owen – Dreams of drinking and yet is unable to, as the tankard turns into a fish, which he drinks.Mrs. Cherry Owen – Cherry Owen`s devoted wife, who cares for him and delights in rehashing his drunken antics.Police Constable Attila Rees – The policeman, relieves himself into his helmet at night, knowing somehow he will regret this in the morning.Mr. Willy Nilly – The postman, dreams of delivering the post in his sleep, and physically knocks upon his wife as if knocking upon a door. In the morning they open the post together and read the town`s news so that he can relay it around the village.Mrs. Willy Nilly – who, because of her husband`s knocking upon her, dreams of being spanked by her teacher for being late for school. She assists Willy Nilly in steaming open the mail.Mary Ann Sailors – 85 years old, dreams of the Garden of Eden. During the day she announces her age (`I`m 85 years, 3 months and a day!`) to the town.Sinbad Sailors – The barman, dreams of Gossamer Beynon, whom he cannot marry because of his grandmother`s disapproval.Mae Rose Cottage – Seventeen and never been kissed, she dreams of meeting her `Mr. Right`. She spends the day in the fields daydreaming and unseen, draws lipstick circles around her nipples.Bessie Bighead – Hired help, dreams of the one man that kissed her `because he was dared`.Butcher Beynon – The butcher, dreams of riding pigs and shooting wild giblets. During the day he enjoys teasing his wife about the questionable meat that he sells.Mrs. Butcher Beynon – Butcher Beynon`s wife, dreams of her husband being `persecuted` for selling `owl`s meat, dogs` eyes, manchop.`Rev. Eli Jenkins – The reverend, poet and preacher, dreams of Eisteddfodau. Author of the White Book of Llareggub.Mr. Pugh – Schoolmaster, dreams of poisoning his domineering wife. He purchases a book named `Lives of the Great Poisoners` for ideas on how to kill Mrs. Pugh; however, he does not do it.Mrs. Pugh – The nasty and undesirable wife of Mr. Pugh.Dai Bread – The bigamist baker who dreams of harems.Mrs. Dai Bread One – Dai Bread`s first wife, traditional and plain.Mrs. Dai Bread Two – Dai Bread`s second wife, a mysterious and sultry gypsy.Polly Garter – has affairs with married men of the village, and a young mother, who dreams of her many babies. During the day, she scrubs floors and sings of her lost love.Nogood Boyo – A lazy young fisherman who dreams peevishly of `nothing`, though he later fantasises about Mrs. Dai Bread Two in a wet corset. He is known for causing shenanigans in the wash house.Lord Cut-Glass – A man of questionable sanity, who dreams of the 66 clocks that he keeps in his house, all telling different times.Lily Smalls – Dreams of love and a fantasy life. She is the Beynons` maid, but longs for a more exciting life.Gwennie – A child in Llareggub, who insists that her male schoolmates `kiss her where she says or give her a penny`.Publication and translationThe first publication of Under Milk Wood, a shortened version of the first half of the play, appeared in Botteghe Oscure in April 1952.[134] Two years later, in February 1954, both The Observer newspaper and Mademoiselle magazine published abridged versions.[135] The first publications of the complete play were also in 1954: J. M. Dent in London in March and New Directions in America in April.An Acting Edition of the play was published by Dent in 1958. The Definitive Edition, with one Voice, came out in 1995, edited by Walford Davies and Ralph Maud and published by Dent. A Project Gutenberg of Australia eBook for free use went online in November 2006, produced by Colin Choat.[136]The first translation was published in November 1954 by Drei Brücken Verlag in Germany, as Unter dem Milchwald, translated by Erich Fried. A few months later, in January 1955, the play appeared in the French journal Les Lettres Nouvelles as Le Bois de Lait, translated by Roger Giroux, with two further instalments in February and March.[137]Over the next three years, Under Milk Wood was published in Dutch, Polish, Danish, Estonian, Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, Japanese and Italian. It`s estimated that it has now been translated into over thirty languages, including Welsh with a translation by T. James Jones, (Jim Parc Nest), published in 1968 as Dan Y Wenallt.[138]The original manuscript of the play was lost by Thomas in a London pub, a few weeks before his death in 1953. The alleged gift of the manuscript, to BBC producer Douglas Cleverdon, formed the subject of litigation in Thomas v Times Book Co (1966), which is a leading case on the meaning of gift in English property law.Under Milk Wood, along with all other published works by Thomas, entered the public domain in the United Kingdom on 1 January 2024.[139]Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953)[1] was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems `Do not go gentle into that good night` and `And death shall have no dominion`, as well as the `play for voices` Under Milk Wood. He also wrote stories and radio broadcasts such as A Child`s Christmas in Wales and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog. He became widely popular in his lifetime; and remained so after his death at the age of 39 in New York City.[2] By then, he had acquired a reputation, which he had encouraged, as a `roistering, drunken and doomed poet`.[3]He was born in Uplands, Swansea, in 1914, leaving school in 1932 to become a reporter for the South Wales Daily Post. Many of his works appeared in print while he was still a teenager. In 1934, the publication of `Light breaks where no sun shines` caught the attention of the literary world. While living in London, Thomas met Caitlin Macnamara; they married in 1937 and had three children: Llewelyn, Aeronwy, and Colm.He came to be appreciated as a popular poet during his lifetime, though he found earning a living as a writer difficult. He began augmenting his income with reading tours and radio broadcasts. His radio recordings for the BBC during the late 1940s brought him to the public`s attention, and he was frequently featured by the BBC as an accessible voice of the literary scene.Thomas first travelled to the United States in the 1950s; his readings there brought him a degree of fame; while his erratic behaviour and drinking worsened. His time in the United States cemented his legend; and he went on to record to vinyl such works as A Child`s Christmas in Wales. During his fourth trip to New York in 1953, Thomas became gravely ill and fell into a coma. He died on 9 November and his body was returned to Wales. On 25 November, he was interred at St. Martin`s churchyard in Laugharne, Carmarthenshire.Although Thomas wrote exclusively in the English language, he has been acknowledged as one of the most important Welsh poets of the 20th century. He is noted for his original, rhythmic, and ingenious use of words and imagery.[4][5][6][7] His position as one of the great modern poets has been much discussed, and he remains popular with the public.[8][9]Life and careerEarly lifeOn a hill street stands a two-storeyed semi-detached house with bay windows to the front and a sloped tiled roof with a chimney.5 Cwmdonkin Drive, Swansea, the birthplace of Dylan ThomasDylan Thomas was born on 27 October 1914[nb 1] in Swansea, the son of Florence Hannah (née Williams; 1882–1958), a seamstress, and David John `Jack` Thomas (1876–1952), a teacher. His father had a first-class honours degree in English from University College, Aberystwyth, and ambitions to rise above his position teaching English literature at the local grammar school.[10] Thomas had one sibling, Nancy Marles (1906–1953), who was eight years his senior.[11]At the 1921 census, Nancy and Dylan are noted as speaking both Welsh and English.[12] Their parents were also bilingual in English and Welsh, and Jack Thomas taught Welsh at evening classes.[13] One of their Swansea relations has recalled that, at home, `Both Auntie Florrie and Uncle Jack always spoke Welsh.`[14] There are three accounts from the 1940s of Dylan singing Welsh hymns and songs, and of speaking a little Welsh.[15]Thomas`s father chose the name Dylan, which could be translated as `son of the sea` after Dylan ail Don, a character in The Mabinogion.[16] His middle name, Marlais, was given in honour of his great-uncle, William Thomas, a Unitarian minister and poet whose bardic name was Gwilym Marles.[11][17] Dylan, pronounced ˈ [ˈdəlan] (Dull-an) in Welsh, caused his mother to worry that he might be teased as the `dull one`.[18] When he broadcast on Welsh BBC early in his career, he was introduced using this pronunciation. Thomas favoured the Anglicised pronunciation and gave instructions that it should be Dillan /ˈdɪlən/.[11][19]The red-brick semi-detached house at 5 Cwmdonkin Drive (in the respectable area of the Uplands),[20] in which Thomas was born and lived until he was 23, had been bought by his parents a few months before his birth.[17]ChildhoodThomas has written a number of accounts of his childhood growing up in Swansea,[21] and there are also accounts available by those who knew him as a young child.[22] Thomas wrote several poems about his childhood and early teenage years, including `Once it was the colour of saying` and `The hunchback in the park`, as well as short stories such as The Fight and A Child`s Christmas in Wales.[23]Thomas`s four grandparents played no part in his childhood.[24] For the first ten years or so of his life, Thomas`s Swansea aunts and uncles helped with his upbringing. These were his mother`s three siblings, Polly and Bob, who lived in the St Thomas district of Swansea[25] and Theodosia, and her husband, the Rev. David Rees, in Newton, Swansea, where parishioners recall Thomas sometimes staying for a month or so at a time.[26] All four aunts and uncles spoke Welsh and English.[27]Thomas`s childhood also featured regular summer trips to the Llansteffan peninsula, a Welsh-speaking part of Carmarthenshire.[28] In the land between Llangain and Llansteffan, his mother`s family, the Williamses and their close relatives, worked a dozen farms with over a thousand acres between them.[29] The memory of Fernhill, a dilapidated 15-acre farm rented by his maternal aunt, Ann Jones, and her husband, Jim Jones, is evoked in the 1945 lyrical poem `Fern Hill`,[30] but is portrayed more accurately in his short story, The Peaches.[nb 2] Thomas also spent part of his summer holidays with Jim`s sister, Rachel Jones,[31] at neighbouring Pentrewyman farm, where he spent his time riding Prince the cart horse, chasing pheasants and fishing for trout.[32]All these relatives were bilingual,[33] and many worshipped at Smyrna chapel in Llangain where the services were always in Welsh, including Sunday School which Thomas sometimes attended.[34] There is also an account of the young Thomas being taught how to swear in Welsh.[35] His schoolboy friends recalled that `It was all Welsh—and the children played in Welsh...he couldn`t speak English when he stopped at Fernhill...in all his surroundings, everybody else spoke Welsh...`[36] At the 1921 census, 95% of residents in the two parishes around Fernhill were Welsh speakers. Across the whole peninsula, 13%—more than 200 people—spoke only Welsh.[37]A few fields south of Fernhill lay Blaencwm,[38] a pair of stone cottages to which his mother`s Swansea siblings had retired,[39] and with whom the young Thomas and his sister, Nancy, would sometimes stay.[40] A couple of miles down the road from Blaencwm is the village of Llansteffan, where Thomas used to holiday at Rose Cottage with another Welsh-speaking aunt, Anne Williams, his mother`s half-sister[41] who had married into local gentry.[42] Anne`s daughter, Doris, married a dentist, Randy Fulleylove. The young Dylan also holidayed with them in Abergavenny, where Fulleylove had his practice.[43]Thomas`s paternal grandparents, Anne and Evan Thomas, lived at The Poplars in Johnstown, just outside Carmarthen. Anne was the daughter of William Lewis, a gardener in the town. She had been born and brought up in Llangadog,[44] as had her father, who is thought to be `Grandpa` in Thomas`s short story A Visit to Grandpa`s, in which Grandpa expresses his determination to be buried not in Llansteffan but in Llangadog.[45]Evan worked on the railways and was known as Thomas the Guard. His family had originated[46] in another part of Welsh-speaking Carmarthenshire, in the farms that lay around the villages of Brechfa, Abergorlech, Gwernogle and Llanybydder, and which the young Thomas occasionally visited with his father.[47] His father`s side of the family also provided the young Thomas with another kind of experience; many lived in the towns of the South Wales industrial belt, including Port Talbot,[48] Pontarddulais[49] and Cross Hands.[50]Thomas had bronchitis and asthma in childhood and struggled with these throughout his life. He was indulged by his mother, Florence, and enjoyed being mollycoddled, a trait he carried into adulthood, becoming skilled in gaining attention and sympathy.[51] But Florence would have known that child deaths had been a recurring event in the family`s history,[52] and it`s said that she herself had lost a child soon after her marriage.[53] But if Thomas was protected and spoilt at home, the real spoilers were his many aunts and older cousins, those in both Swansea and the Llansteffan countryside.[54] Some of them played an important part in both his upbringing and his later life, as Thomas`s wife, Caitlin, has observed: `He couldn`t stand their company for more than five minutes... Yet Dylan couldn`t break away from them, either. They were the background from which he had sprung, and he needed that background all his life, like a tree needs roots.`.[55]EducationThe main surviving structure of the former Swansea Grammar School on Mount Pleasant, mostly destroyed during the Swansea Blitz of 1941, was renamed the Dylan Thomas Building in 1988 to honour its former pupil. It was then part of the former Swansea Metropolitan University campusMemorial plaque on the former Mount Pleasant site of Swansea Grammar SchoolThomas`s formal education began at Mrs Hole`s dame school, a private school on Mirador Crescent, a few streets away from his home.[56] He described his experience there in Reminiscences of Childhood:Never was there such a dame school as ours, so firm and kind and smelling of galoshes, with the sweet and fumbled music of the piano lessons drifting down from upstairs to the lonely schoolroom, where only the sometimes tearful wicked sat over undone sums, or to repent a little crime – the pulling of a girl`s hair during geography, the sly shin kick under the table during English literature.[57]Alongside dame school, Thomas also took private lessons from Gwen James, an elocution teacher who had studied at drama school in London, winning several major prizes. She also taught `Dramatic Art` and `Voice Production`, and would often help cast members of the Swansea Little Theatre (see below) with the parts they were playing.[58] Thomas`s parents` storytelling and dramatic talents, as well as their theatre-going interests, could also have contributed to the young Thomas`s interest in performance.[59]In October 1925, Thomas enrolled at Swansea Grammar School for boys, in Mount Pleasant, where his father taught English. There are several accounts by his teachers and fellow pupils of Thomas`s time at grammar school. [60] He was an undistinguished pupil who shied away from school, preferring reading and drama activities.[61] In his first year one of his poems was published in the school`s magazine, and before he left he became its editor.[62][63] Thomas`s various contributions to the school magazine can be found here:[64]During his final school years he began writing poetry in notebooks; the first poem, dated 27 April (1930), is entitled `Osiris, come to Isis`.[65] In June 1928, Thomas won the school`s mile race, held at St. Helen`s Ground; he carried a newspaper photograph of his victory with him until his death.[66][67]In 1931, when he was 16, Thomas left school to become a reporter for the South Wales Daily Post, where he remained for some 18 months.[68] After leaving the newspaper, Thomas continued to work as a freelance journalist for several years, during which time he remained at Cwmdonkin Drive and continued to add to his notebooks, amassing 200 poems in four books between 1930 and 1934. Of the 90 poems he published, half were written during these years.[11]On the stageA wide three storied building with windows to the upper two stories and an entrance on the ground floor. A statue of Thomas sits outside.The Little Theatre relocated to Swansea`s Maritime Quarter in 1979 and was renamed the Dylan Thomas Theatre in 1983The stage was also an important part of Thomas`s life from 1929 to 1934, as an actor, writer, producer and set painter. He took part in productions at Swansea Grammar School, and with the YMCA Junior Players and the Little Theatre, which was based in the Mumbles. It was also a touring company that took part in drama competitions and festivals around South Wales.[69] Between October 1933 and March 1934, for example, Thomas and his fellow actors took part in five productions at the Mumbles theatre, as well as nine touring performances.[70] Thomas continued with acting and production throughout his life, including his time in Laugharne, South Leigh and London (in the theatre and on radio), as well as taking part in nine stage readings of Under Milk Wood.[71] The Shakespearian actor, John Laurie, who had worked with Thomas on both the stage[72] and radio[73] thought that Thomas would `have loved to have been an actor` and, had he chosen to do so, would have been `Our first real poet-dramatist since Shakespeare.`[74]Painting the sets at the Little Theatre was just one aspect of the young Thomas`s interest in art. His own drawings and paintings hung in his bedroom in Cwmdonkin Drive, and his early letters reveal a broader interest in art and art theory.[75] Thomas saw writing a poem as an act of construction `as a sculptor works at stone,`[76] later advising a student `to treat words as a craftsman does his wood or stone...hew, carve, mould, coil, polish and plane them...`[77] Throughout his life, his friends included artists, both in Swansea[78] and in London,[79] as well as in America.[80]In his free time, Thomas visited the cinema in Uplands, took walks along Swansea Bay, and frequented Swansea`s pubs, especially the Antelope and the Mermaid Hotels in Mumbles.[81][82] In the Kardomah Café, close to the newspaper office in Castle Street, he met his creative contemporaries, including his friend the poet Vernon Watkins and the musician and composer, Daniel Jones with whom, as teenagers, Thomas had helped to set up the `Warmley Broadcasting Corporation`.[83] This group of writers, musicians and artists became known as `The Kardomah Gang`.[84] This was also the period of his friendship with Bert Trick, a local shopkeeper, left-wing political activist and would-be poet,[85] and with the Rev. Leon Atkin, a Swansea minister, human rights activist and local politician.[86]In 1933, Thomas visited London for probably the first time.[nb 3]London, 1933–1939Thomas was a teenager when many of the poems for which he became famous were published: `And death shall have no dominion`, `Before I Knocked` and `The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower`. `And death shall have no dominion` appeared in the New English Weekly in May 1933.[11] When `Light breaks where no sun shines` appeared in The Listener in 1934, it caught the attention of three senior figures in literary London, T. S. Eliot, Geoffrey Grigson and Stephen Spender.[17][88][89] They contacted Thomas and his first poetry volume, 18 Poems, was published in December 1934. 18 Poems was noted for its visionary qualities which led to critic Desmond Hawkins writing that the work was `the sort of bomb that bursts no more than once in three years`.[11][90] The volume was critically acclaimed and won a contest run by the Sunday Referee, netting him new admirers from the London poetry world, including Edith Sitwell and Edwin Muir.[17] The anthology was published by Fortune Press, in part a vanity publisher that did not pay its writers and expected them to buy a certain number of copies themselves. A similar arrangement was used by other new authors including Philip Larkin.[91]In May 1934, Thomas made his first visit to Laugharne, `the strangest town in Wales`, as he described it in an extended letter to Pamela Hansford Johnson, in which he also writes about the town`s estuarine bleakness, and the dismal lives of the women co*ckle pickers working the shore around him.[92]The following year, in September 1935, Thomas met Vernon Watkins, thus beginning a lifelong friendship.[93] Thomas introduced Watkins, working at Lloyds Bank at the time, to his friends, now known as The Kardomah Gang. In those days, Thomas used to frequent the cinema on Mondays with Tom Warner who, like Watkins, had recently suffered a nervous breakdown. After these trips, Warner would bring Thomas back for supper with his aunt. On one occasion, when she served him a boiled egg, she had to cut its top off for him, as Thomas did not know how to do this. This was because his mother had done it for him all his life, an example of her coddling him.[94] Years later, his wife Caitlin would still have to prepare his eggs for him.[95][96]In December 1935, Thomas contributed the poem `The Hand That Signed the Paper` to Issue 18 of the bi-monthly New Verse.[97] In 1936, his next collection Twenty-five Poems, published by J. M. Dent, also received much critical praise.[17] Two years later, in 1938, Thomas won the Oscar Blumenthal Prize for Poetry; it was also the year in which New Directions offered to be his publisher in the United States. In all, he wrote half his poems while living at Cwmdonkin Drive before moving to London. During this time Thomas`s reputation for heavy drinking developed.[90][98]By the late 1930s, Thomas was embraced as the `poetic herald` for a group of English poets, the New Apocalyptics.[99] Thomas refused to align himself with them and declined to sign their manifesto. He later stated that he believed they were `intellectual muckpots leaning on a theory`.[99] Despite this, many of the group, including Henry Treece, modelled their work on Thomas`s.[99]In the politically charged atmosphere of the 1930s Thomas`s sympathies were very much with the radical left, to the point of his holding close links with the communists; he was also decidedly pacifist and anti-fascist.[100] He was a supporter of the left-wing No More War Movement and boasted about participating in demonstrations against the British Union of Fascists.[100] Bert Trick has provided an extensive account of an Oswald Mosley rally in the Plaza cinema in Swansea in July 1933 that he and Thomas attended.[101]MarriageIn early 1936, Thomas met Caitlin Macnamara (1913–1994), a 22-year-old dancer of Irish and French Quaker descent.[102] She had run away from home, intent on making a career in dance, and aged 18 joined the chorus line at the London Palladium.[103][104][105] Introduced by Augustus John, Caitlin`s lover, they met in The Wheatsheaf pub on Rathbone Place in London`s West End.[103][105][106] Laying his head in her lap, a drunken Thomas proposed.[104][107] Thomas liked to assert that he and Caitlin were in bed together ten minutes after they first met.[108] Although Caitlin initially continued her relationship with John, she and Thomas began a correspondence, and in the second half of 1936 were courting.[109] They married at the register office in Penzance, Cornwall, on 11 July 1937.[110]In May 1938, they moved to Wales, renting a cottage in the village of Laugharne, Carmarthenshire.[111] They lived there intermittently[112] for just under two years until July 1941, and did not return to live in Laugharne until 1949.[113] Their first child, Llewelyn Edouard, was born on 30 January 1939.[114]Wartime, 1939–1945In 1939, a collection of 16 poems and seven of the 20 short stories published by Thomas in magazines since 1934, appeared as The Map of Love.[115] Ten stories in his next book, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog (1940), were based less on lavish fantasy than those in The Map of Love and more on real-life romances featuring himself in Wales.[11] Sales of both books were poor, resulting in Thomas living on meagre fees from writing and reviewing. At this time he borrowed heavily from friends and acquaintances.[116] Hounded by creditors, Thomas and his family left Laugharne in July 1940 and moved to the home of critic John Davenport in Marshfield near Chippenham in Gloucestershire.[nb 4] There Thomas collaborated with Davenport on the satire The Death of the King`s Canary, though due to fears of libel the work was not published until 1976.[118][119]At the outset of the Second World War, Thomas was worried about conscription, and referred to his ailment as `an unreliable lung`. Coughing sometimes confined him to bed, and he had a history of bringing up blood and mucus.[120] After initially seeking employment in a reserved occupation, he managed to be classified Grade III, which meant that he would be among the last to be called up for service.[nb 5] Saddened to see his friends going on active service, he continued drinking and struggled to support his family. He wrote begging letters to random literary figures asking for support, a plan he hoped would provide a long-term regular income.[11] Thomas supplemented his income by writing scripts for the BBC, which not only gave him additional earnings but also provided evidence that he was engaged in essential war work.[122]In February 1941, Swansea was bombed by the Luftwaffe in a `three nights` blitz`. Castle Street was one of many streets that suffered badly; rows of shops, including the Kardomah Café, were destroyed. Thomas walked through the bombed-out shell of the town centre with his friend Bert Trick. Upset at the sight, he concluded: `Our Swansea is dead`.[123] Thomas later wrote a feature programme for the radio, Return Journey, which described the café as being `razed to the snow`.[124] The programme, produced by Philip Burton, was first broadcast on 15 June 1947. The Kardomah Café reopened on Portland Street after the war.[125]Making filmsIn five film projects, between 1942 and 1945, the Ministry of Information (MOI) commissioned Thomas to script a series of documentaries about both urban planning and wartime patriotism, all in partnership with director John Eldridge: Wales: Green Mountain, Black Mountain, New Towns for Old, Fuel for Battle, Our Country and A City Reborn.[126][127][128]In May 1941, Thomas and Caitlin left their son with his grandmother at Blashford and moved to London.[129] Thomas hoped to find employment in the film industry and wrote to the director of the films division of the Ministry of Information.[11] After being rebuffed, he found work with Strand Films, providing him with his first regular income since the South Wales Daily Post.[130] Strand produced films for the MOI; Thomas scripted at least five films in 1942, This Is Colour (a history of the British dyeing industry) and New Towns For Old (on post-war reconstruction). These Are The Men (1943) was a more ambitious piece in which Thomas`s verse accompanies Leni Riefenstahl`s footage of an early Nuremberg Rally.[nb 6] Conquest of a Germ (1944) explored the use of early antibiotics in the fight against pneumonia and tuberculosis. Our Country (1945) was a romantic tour of Britain set to Thomas`s poetry.[132][133]In early 1943, Thomas began a relationship with Pamela Glendower, one of several affairs he had during his marriage.[134] The affairs either ran out of steam or were halted after Caitlin discovered his infidelity.[134] In March 1943, Caitlin gave birth to a daughter, Aeronwy, in London.[134] They lived in a run-down studio in Chelsea, made up of a single large room with a curtain to separate the kitchen.[135]Escaping to WalesThe Thomas family also made several escapes back to Wales. Between 1941 and 1943, they lived intermittently in Plas Gelli, Talsarn, in Cardiganshire.[136] Plas Gelli sits close by the River Aeron, after whom Aeronwy is thought to have been named.[137] Some of Thomas`s letters from Gelli can be found in his Collected Letters[138] whilst an extended account of Thomas`s time there can be found in D. N. Thomas`s book, Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow (2000).[139] The Thomases shared the mansion with his childhood friends from Swansea, Vera and Evelyn Phillips. Vera`s friendship with the Thomases in nearby New Quay is portrayed in the 2008 film The Edge of Love.[140][nb 7]In July 1944, with the threat in London of German flying bombs, Thomas moved to the family cottage at Blaencwm near Llangain, Carmarthenshire,[141] where he resumed writing poetry, completing `Holy Spring` and `Vision and Prayer`.[142]In September that year, the Thomas family moved to New Quay in Cardiganshire (Ceredigion), where they rented Majoda, a wood and asbestos bungalow on the cliffs overlooking Cardigan Bay.[143] It was there that Thomas wrote a radio piece about New Quay, Quite Early One Morning, a sketch for his later work, Under Milk Wood.[144] Of the poetry written at this time, of note is Fern Hill, started while living in New Quay, continued at Blaencwm in July and August 1945 and first published in October 1945 [145][nb 8]Thomas`s nine months in New Quay, said first biographer, Constantine FitzGibbon, were `a second flowering, a period of fertility that recalls the earliest days…[with a] great outpouring of poems`, as well as a good deal of other material.[146] His second biographer, Paul Ferris, agreed: `On the grounds of output, the bungalow deserves a plaque of its own.`[147] Thomas`s third biographer, George Tremlett, concurred, describing the time in New Quay as `one of the most creative periods of Thomas`s life.`[148] Professor Walford Davies, who co-edited the 1995 definitive edition of the play, has noted that New Quay `was crucial in supplementing the gallery of characters Thomas had to hand for writing Under Milk Wood.`[149]Broadcasting years, 1945–1949The Boat House, Laugharne, the Thomas family home from 1949Although Thomas had previously written for the BBC, it was a minor and intermittent source of income. In 1943, he wrote and recorded a 15-minute talk titled `Reminiscences of Childhood` for the Welsh BBC. In December 1944, he recorded Quite Early One Morning (produced by Aneirin Talfan Davies, again for the Welsh BBC) but when Davies offered it for national broadcast BBC London turned it down.[144] On 31 August 1945, the BBC Home Service broadcast Quite Early One Morning and, in the three years beginning in October 1945, Thomas made over a hundred broadcasts for the corporation.[150] Thomas was employed not only for his poetry readings, but for discussions and critiques.[151][152]In the second half of 1945, Thomas began reading for the BBC Radio programme, Book of Verse, broadcast weekly to the Far East.[153] This provided Thomas with a regular income and brought him into contact with Louis MacNeice, a congenial drinking companion whose advice Thomas cherished.[154] On 29 September 1946, the BBC began transmitting the Third Programme, a high-culture network which provided opportunities for Thomas.[155] He appeared in the play Comus for the Third Programme, the day after the network launched, and his rich, sonorous voice led to character parts, including the lead in Aeschylus`s Agamemnon and Satan in an adaptation of Paradise Lost.[154][156] Thomas remained a popular guest on radio talk shows for the BBC, who regarded him as `useful should a younger generation poet be needed`.[157] He had an uneasy relationship with BBC management and a staff job was never an option, with drinking cited as the problem.[158] Despite this, Thomas became a familiar radio voice and within Britain was `in every sense a celebrity`.[159]Dylan Thomas`s writing shedBy late September 1945, the Thomases had left Wales and were living with various friends in London.[160] In December, they moved to Oxford to live in a summerhouse on the banks of the Cherwell. It belonged to the historian, A.J.P. Taylor. His wife, Margaret, would prove to be Thomas`s most committed patron.[161]The publication of Deaths and Entrances in February 1946 was a major turning point for Thomas. Poet and critic Walter J. Turner commented in The Spectator, `This book alone, in my opinion, ranks him as a major poet`.[162]Italy, South Leigh and Prague...The following year, in April 1947, the Thomases travelled to Italy, after Thomas had been awarded a Society of Authors scholarship. They stayed first in villas near Rapallo and then Florence, before moving to a hotel in Rio Marina on the island of Elba.[163] On their return, Thomas and family moved, in September 1947, into the Manor House in South Leigh, just west of Oxford, found for him by Margaret Taylor. He continued with his work for the BBC, completed a number of film scripts and worked further on his ideas for Under Milk Wood,[164] including a discussion in late 1947 of The Village of the Mad (as the play was then called) with the BBC producer Philip Burton. He later recalled that, during the meeting, Thomas had discussed his ideas for having a blind narrator, an organist who played for a dog and two lovers who wrote to each other every day but never met.[165]In March 1949 Thomas travelled to Prague. He had been invited by the Czech government to attend the inauguration of the Czechoslovak Writers` Union. Jiřina Hauková, who had previously published translations of some of Thomas`s poems, was his guide and interpreter.[nb 9] In her memoir, Hauková recalls that at a party in Prague, Thomas `narrated the first version of his radio play

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Harold Laski THE SOCIALIST TRADITION IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION1930RetkoLepo očuvanoSocijalistička tradicija u francuskoj revolucijiHarold Joseph Laski (30 June 1893 – 24 March 1950) was an English political theorist and economist. He was active in politics and served as the chairman of the British Labour Party from 1945 to 1946 and was a professor at the London School of Economics from 1926 to 1950. He first promoted pluralism by emphasising the importance of local voluntary communities such as trade unions. After 1930, he began to emphasize the need for a workers` revolution, which he hinted might be violent.[3] Laski`s position angered Labour leaders who promised a nonviolent democratic transformation. Laski`s position on democracy-threatening violence came under further attack from Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the 1945 general election, and the Labour Party had to disavow Laski, its own chairman.[4]Laski was one of Britain`s most influential intellectual spokesmen for Marxism in the interwar years.[citation needed] In particular, his teaching greatly inspired students, some of whom later became leaders of the newly independent nations in Asia and Africa. He was perhaps the most prominent intellectual in the Labour Party, especially for those on the hard left who shared his trust and hope in Joseph Stalin`s Soviet Union.[5] However, he was distrusted by the moderate Labour politicians, who were in charge[citation needed] such as Prime Minister Clement Attlee, and he was never given a major government position or a peerage.Born to a Jewish family, Laski was also a supporter of Zionism and supported the creation of a Jewish state.[6]Early life[edit]He was born in Manchester on 30 June 1893 to Nathan and Sarah Laski. Nathan Laski was a Lithuanian Jewish cotton merchant from Brest-Litovsk in what is now Belarus[7] and a leader of the Liberal Party, while his mother was born in Manchester to Polish Jewish parents.[8] He had a disabled sister, Mabel, who was one year younger. His elder brother was Neville Laski (the father of Marghanita Laski), and his cousin Neville Blond was the founder of the Royal Court Theatre and the father of the author and publisher Anthony Blond.[9]Harold attended the Manchester Grammar School. In 1911, he studied eugenics under Karl Pearson for six months at University College London (UCL). The same year, he met and married Frida Kerry, a lecturer of eugenics. His marriage to Frida, a Gentile and eight years his senior, antagonised his family. He also repudiated his faith in Judaism by claiming that reason prevented him from believing in God. After studying for a degree in history at New College, Oxford, he graduated in 1914. He was awarded the Beit memorial prize during his time at New College.[10] In April 1913, in the cause of women`s suffrage, he and a friend planted an explosive device in the men`s lavatory at Oxted railway station, Surrey: it exploded, but caused only slight damage.[11]Laski failed his medical eligibility tests and so missed fighting in World War I. After graduation, he worked briefly at the Daily Herald under George Lansbury. His daughter Diana was born in 1916.[10]Career[edit]Academic career[edit]In 1916, Laski was appointed as a lecturer of modern history at McGill University in Montreal and began to lecture at Harvard University. He also lectured at Yale in 1919 to 1920. For his outspoken support of the Boston Police Strike of 1919, Laski received severe criticism. He was briefly involved with the founding of The New School for Social Research in 1919,[12] where he also lectured.[13]Laski cultivated a large network of American friends centred at Harvard, whose law review he had edited. He was often invited to lecture in America and wrote for The New Republic. He became friends with Felix Frankfurter, Herbert Croly, Walter Lippmann, Edmund Wilson, and Charles A. Beard. His long friendship with Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was cemented by weekly letters, which were later published.[14] He knew many powerful figures and claimed to know many more. Critics have often commented on Laski`s repeated exaggerations and self-promotion, which Holmes tolerated. His wife commented that he was `half-man, half-child, all his life`.[15]Laski returned to England in 1920 and began teaching government at the London School of Economics (LSE). In 1926, he was made professor of political science at the LSE. Laski was an executive member of the socialist Fabian Society from 1922 to 1936. In 1936, he co-founded the Left Book Club along with Victor Gollancz and John Strachey. He was a prolific writer and produced a number of books and essays throughout the 1920s and the 1930s.[16]At the LSE in the 1930s, Laski developed a connection with scholars from the Institute for Social Research, now more commonly known as the Frankfurt School. In 1933, with almost all the Institute`s members in exile, Laski was among a number of British socialists, including Sidney Webb and RH Tawney, who arranged for the establishment of a London office for the Institute`s use. After the Institute moved to Columbia University in 1934, Laski was one of its sponsored guest lecturers invited to New York.[17] Laski also played a role in bringing Franz Neumann to join the Institute. After fleeing Germany almost immediately after Adolf Hitler`s rise to power, Neumann did graduate work in political science under Laski and Karl Mannheim at the LSE and wrote his dissertation on the rise and fall of the rule of law. It was on Laski`s recommendation that Neumann was then invited to join the Institute in 1936.[18]Teacher[edit]Laski was regarded as a gifted lecturer, but he would alienate his audience by humiliating those who asked questions. However, he was liked by his students, and was especially influential among the Asian and African students who attended the LSE.[15] Describing Laski`s approach, Kingsley Martin wrote in 1968:He was still in his late twenties and looked like a schoolboy. His lectures on the history of political ideas were brilliant, eloquent, and delivered without a note; he often referred to current controversies, even when the subject was Hobbes`s theory of sovereignty.[19]Ralph Miliband, another of Laski`s student, praised his teaching:His lectures taught more, much more than political science. They taught a faith that ideas mattered, that knowledge was important and its pursuit exciting.... His seminars taught tolerance, the willingness to listen although one disagreed, the values of ideas being confronted. And it was all immense fun, an exciting game that had meaning, and it was also a sieve of ideas, a gymnastics of the mind carried on with vigour and directed unobtrusively with superb craftsmanship. I think I know now why he gave himself so freely. Partly it was because he was human and warm and that he was so interested in people. But mainly it was because he loved students, and he loved students because they were young. Because he had a glowing faith that youth was generous and alive, eager and enthusiastic and fresh. That by helping young people he was helping the future and bringing nearer that brave world in which he so passionately believed.[20]Ideology and political convictions[edit]Laski`s early work promoted pluralism, especially in the essays collected in Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty (1917), Authority in the Modern State (1919), and The Foundations of Sovereignty (1921). He argued that the state should not be considered supreme since people could and should have loyalties to local organisations, clubs, labour unions and societies. The state should respect those allegiances and promote pluralism and decentralisation.[21]Laski became a proponent of Marxism and believed in a planned economy based on the public ownership of the means of production. Instead of, as he saw it, a coercive state, Laski believed in the evolution of co-operative states that were internationally bound and stressed social welfare.[22] He also believed that since the capitalist class would not acquiesce in its own liquidation, the co-operative commonwealth was not likely to be attained without violence. However, he also had a commitment to civil liberties, free speech and association and representative democracy.[23] Initially, he believed that the League of Nations would bring about an `international democratic system`. However, from the late 1920s, his political beliefs became radicalised, and he believed that it was necessary to go beyond capitalism to `transcend the existing system of sovereign states`. Laski was dismayed by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 and wrote a preface to the Left Book Club collection criticising it, titled Betrayal of the Left.[24]Between the beginning of World War II in 1939 and the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, which drew the United States into the war, Laski was a prominent voice advocating American support for the Allies, became a prolific author of articles in the American press, frequently undertook lecture tours in the US and influenced prominent American friends including Felix Frankfurter, Edward R. Murrow, Max Lerner, and Eric Sevareid.[25] In his last years, he was disillusioned by the Cold War and the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d`état.[10][16][23] George Orwell described him thus: `A socialist by allegiance, and a liberal by temperament`.[15]Laski tried to mobilise Britain`s academics, teachers and intellectuals behind the socialist cause, the Socialist League being one effort. He had some success but that element typically found itself marginalised in the Labour Party.[26]Zionism and anti-Catholicism[edit]Laski was always a Zionist at heart and always felt himself a part of the Jewish nation, but he viewed traditional Jewish religion as restrictive.[6] In 1946, Laski said in a radio address that the Catholic Church opposed democracy,[27] and said that `it is impossible to make peace with the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the permanent enemies of all that is decent in the human spirit`.[28]In his final years he became critical of what he saw as extremism in Israel at the outbreak of the 1947-48 Civil War, arguing that they had not prevailed `upon an indefensible group among them to desist from using indefensible means for an end to which they were never proportionate.`[29]Political career[edit]Laski`s main political role came as a writer and lecturer on every topic of concern to the left at that time, including socialism, capitalism, working conditions, eugenics,[30] women`s suffrage, imperialism, decolonisation, disarmament, human rights, worker education and Zionism. He was tireless in his speeches and pamphleteering and was always on call to help a Labour candidate. In between, he served on scores of committees and carried a full load as a professor and advisor to students.[31]Laski plunged into Labour Party politics on his return to London in 1920. In 1923, he turned down the offer of a Parliament seat and cabinet position by Ramsay MacDonald and also a seat in the Lords. He felt betrayed by MacDonald in the crisis of 1931 and decided that a peaceful, democratic transition to socialism would be blocked by the violence of the opposition. In 1932, Laski joined the Socialist League, a left-wing faction of the Labour Party.[32] In 1937, he was involved in the failed attempt by the Socialist League in co-operation with the Independent Labour Party (ILP) and the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) to form a Popular Front to bring down the Conservative government of Neville Chamberlain. In 1934 to 1945, he served as an alderman in the Fulham Borough Council and also the chairman of the libraries committee.In 1937, the Socialist League was rejected by the Labour Party and folded. He was elected as a member of the Labour Party`s National Executive Committee and he remained a member until 1949. In 1944, he chaired the Labour Party Conference and served as the party`s chair in 1945 to 1946.[21]Declining role[edit]During the war, he supported Prime Minister Winston Churchill`s coalition government and gave countless speeches to encourage the battle against Nazi Germany. He suffered a nervous breakdown brought about by overwork. During the war, he repeatedly feuded with other Labour figures and with Churchill on matters great and small. He steadily lost his influence.[33]In 1942, he drafted the Labour Party pamphlet The Old World and the New Society calling for the transformation of Britain into a socialist state by allowing its government to retain wartime central economic planning and price controls into the postwar era.[34]In the 1945 general election campaign, Churchill warned that Laski, as the Labour Party chairman, would be the power behind the throne in an Attlee government. While speaking for the Labour candidate in Nottinghamshire on 16 June 1945, Laski said, `If Labour did not obtain what it needed by general consent, we shall have to use violence even if it means revolution`. The next day, accounts of Laski`s speech appeared, and the Conservatives attacked the Labour Party for its chairman`s advocacy of violence. Laski filed a libel suit against the Daily Express newspaper, which backed the Conservatives. The defence showed that over the years Laski had often bandied about loose threats of `revolution`. The jury found for the newspaper within forty minutes of deliberations.[35]Attlee gave Laski no role in the new Labour government. Even before the libel trial, Laski`s relationship with Attlee had been strained. Laski had once called Attlee `uninteresting and uninspired` in the American press and even tried to remove him by asking for Attlee`s resignation in an open letter. He tried to delay the Potsdam Conference until after Attlee`s position was clarified. He tried to bypass Attlee by directly dealing with Churchill.[16] Laski tried to pre-empt foreign policy decisions by laying down guidelines for the new Labour government. Attlee rebuked him:You have no right whatever to speak on behalf of the Government. Foreign affairs are in the capable hands of Ernest Bevin. His task is quite sufficiently difficult without the irresponsible statements of the kind you are making ... I can assure you there is widespread resentment in the Party at your activities and a period of silence on your part would be welcome.[36]Though he continued to work for the Labour Party until he died, he never regained political influence. His pessimism deepened as he disagreed with the anti-Soviet policies of the Attlee government in the emerging Cold War, and he was profoundly disillusioned with the anti-Soviet direction of American foreign policy.[21]Death[edit]Laski contracted influenza and died in London on 24 March 1950, aged 56.[21]Legacy[edit]Laski`s biographer Michael Newman wrote:Convinced that the problems of his time were too urgent for leisurely academic reflection, Laski wrote too much, overestimated his influence, and sometimes failed to distinguish between analysis and polemic. But he was a serious thinker and a charismatic personality whose views have been distorted because he refused to accept Cold War orthodoxies.[37]Blue plaque, 5 Addison Bridge Place, West Kensington, LondonColumbia professor Herbert A. Deane has identified five distinct phases of Laski`s thought that he never integrated. The first three were pluralist (1914–1924), Fabian (1925–1931), and Marxian (1932–1939). There followed a `popular-front` approach (1940–1945), and in the last years (1946–1950) near-incoherence and multiple contradictions.[38] Laski`s long-term impact on Britain is hard to quantify. Newman notes that `It has been widely held that his early books were the most profound and that he subsequently wrote far too much, with polemics displacing serious analysis.`[21] In an essay published a few years after Laski`s death, Professor Alfred Cobban of University College London observed:Among recent political thinkers, it seems to me that one of the very few, perhaps the only one, who followed the traditional pattern, accepted the problems presented by his age, and devoted himself to the attempt to find an answer to them was Harold Laski. Though I am bound to say that I do not agree with his analysis or his conclusions, I think that he was trying to do the right kind of thing. And this, I suspect, is the reason why, practically alone among political thinkers in Great Britain, he exercised a positive influence over both political thought and action.[39]Laski had a major long-term impact on support for socialism in India and other countries in Asia and Africa. He taught generations of future leaders at the LSE, including India`s Jawaharlal Nehru. According to John Kenneth Galbraith, `the centre of Nehru`s thinking was Laski` and `India the country most influenced by Laski`s ideas`.[23] It is mainly due to his influence that the LSE has a semi-mythological status in India.[citation needed] He was steady in his unremitting advocacy of the independence of India. He was a revered figure to Indian students at the LSE. One Prime Minister of India[who?] said `in every meeting of the Indian Cabinet there is a chair reserved for the ghost of Professor Harold Laski`.[40][41] His recommendation of K. R. Narayanan (later President of India) to Nehru (then Prime Minister of India), resulted in Nehru appointing Narayanan to the Indian Foreign Service.[42] In his memory, the Indian government established The Harold Laski Institute of Political Science in 1954 at Ahmedabad.[21]Speaking at a meeting organised in Laski`s memory by the Indian League at London on 3 May 1950, Nehru praised him as follows:It is difficult to realise that Professor Harold Laski is no more. Lovers of freedom all over the world pay tribute to the magnificent work that he did. We in India are particularly grateful for his staunch advocacy of India`s freedom, and the great part he played in bringing it about. At no time did he falter or compromise on the principles he held dear, and a large number of persons drew splendid inspiration from him. Those who knew him personally counted that association as a rare privilege, and his passing away has come as a great sorrow and a shock.[43]Laski also educated the outspoken Chinese intellectual and journalist Chu Anping at LSE. Anping was later prosecuted by the Chinese Communist regime of the 1960s.[44]Laski was an inspiration for Ellsworth Toohey, the antagonist in Ayn Rand`s novel The Fountainhead (1943).[45] The posthumously published Journals of Ayn Rand, edited by David Harriman, include a detailed description of Rand attending a New York lecture by Laski, as part of gathering material for her novel, following which she changed the physical appearance of the fictional Toohey to fit that of the actual Laski.[46]Laski had a tortuous writing style. George Orwell, in his 1946 essay `Politics and the English Language` cited, as his first example of poor writing, a 53-word sentence with five negatives from Laski`s `Essay in Freedom of Expression`: `I am not, indeed, sure whether it is not true to say that the Milton who once seemed not unlike a seventeenth-century Shelley had not become, out of an experience ever more bitter in each year, more alien (sic) to the founder of that Jesuit sect which nothing could induce him to tolerate.` (Orwell parodied it with ` A not unblack dog was chasing a not unsmall rabbit across a not ungreen field.`) However, 67 of the Labour MPs elected in 1945 had been taught by Laski as university students, at Workers` Educational Association classes or on courses for wartime officers.[47] When Laski died, the Labour MP Ian Mikardo commented: `His mission in life was to translate the religion of the universal brotherhood of man into the language of political economy.`[48]Partial bibliography[edit]Basis of Vicarious Liability 1916 26 Yale Law Journal 105Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty 1917Authority in the Modern State 1919, ISBN 1-58477-275-1Political Thought in England from Locke to Bentham 1920The Foundations of Sovereignty, and other essays 1921Karl Marx 1921The state in the new social order 1922The position of parties and the right of dissolution 1924A Grammar of Politics, 1925Socialism and freedom. Westminster: The Fabian Society. 1925.The problem of a second chamber 1925Communism, 1927The British Cabinet : a study of its personnel, 1801-1924 1928Liberty in the Modern State, 1930`The Dangers of Obedience and Other Essays` 1930The limitations of the expert 1931Democracy in Crisis 1933The State in Theory and Practice, 1935, The Viking PressThe Rise of European Liberalism: An Essay in Interpretation, 1936US title: The Rise of Liberalism: The Philosophy of a Business Civilization, 1936The American Presidency, 1940Where Do We Go From Here? A Proclamation of British Democracy 1940Reflections on the Revolution of our Time , 1943Faith, Reason, and Civilisation, 1944The American Democracy, 1948, The Viking PressCommunist Manifesto: Socialist Landmark: A New Appreciation Written for the Labour Party (1948)[49]sloboda u modernoj državi politička gramatika

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